法律文本

中华人民共和国物权法

Property Law of the People’s Republic of China

主席令第六十二号

Presidential Decree No. 62

（2007年3月16日第十届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过 2007年3月16日公布 2007年10月1日起施行）

(Adopted at the 5th session of the 10th National People 's Congress on March 16, 2007)

目 录

Contents

第一编 总 则

Part 1 General Provisions

第一章 基本原则

Chapter 1 Basic Principles

第一条   为了维护国家基本经济制度，维护社会主义市场经济秩序，明确物的归属，发挥物的效用，保护权利人的物权，根据宪法，制定本法。

Article 1 This Law is formulated pursuant to the Constitution for the purposes of safeguarding the basic economic system of the State, safeguarding the order of socialist market economy, clarifying property ownership, optimising the utility of property, and protecting the real right of rights holders.

第二条   因物的归属和利用而产生的民事关系，适用本法。

Article 2 This Law shall apply to civil relations arising from the attribution and utilization of property.

本法所称物，包括不动产和动产。法律规定权利作为物权客体的，依照其规定。

Property referred to in this Law includes immovables and movables. Where rights are deemed as the objects of real rights by provisions of the law, such provisions shall apply.

本法所称物权，是指权利人依法对特定的物享有直接支配和排他的权利，包括所有权、用益物权和担保物权。

Property rights referred to in this Law shall mean a rights holder's exclusive right of direct control over a specific property pursuant to the law, including ownership, usufruct rights and security interests.

第三条   国家在社会主义初级阶段，坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度。

Article 3 In the primary stage of socialism, the State adheres to the basic economic system with public ownership as a principal element, and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side.

国家巩固和发展公有制经济，鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展。

The State consolidates and develops the public economy, and encourages, supports and guides the development of the non-public economy.

国家实行社会主义市场经济，保障一切市场主体的平等法律地位和发展权利。

The State shall implement a socialist market economy and protect the equal legal status and development rights of all market entities.

第四条   国家、集体、私人的物权和其他权利人的物权受法律保护，任何单位和个人不得侵犯。

Article 4 The real right of the State, collective real right, private real right and the real right of other right holders shall be protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any entity or individual.

第五条   物权的种类和内容，由法律规定。

Article 5 The varieties and contents of real rights shall be prescribed by law.

第六条   不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，应当依照法律规定登记。动产物权的设立和转让，应当依照法律规定交付。

Article 6 The creation, variation, transfer and extinguishment of immovable real right shall be registered pursuant to the provisions of the law. The creation or transfer of real right of a movable shall be subject to delivery in accordance with the law.

第七条   物权的取得和行使，应当遵守法律，尊重社会公德，不得损害公共利益和他人合法权益。

Article 7 The acquisition and exercise of real rights shall comply with the law and respect social ethics, and may not harm the public interest and the legitimate rights and interests of any other person.

第八条   其他相关法律对物权另有特别规定的，依照其规定。

Article 8 Where other relevant laws provide for real right to the contrary, such provisions shall prevail.

第二章 物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭

Chapter 2 Creation, Alteration, Transfer and Termination of Real Right

第一节 不动产登记

Section 1 Real Property Registration

第九条   不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，经依法登记，发生效力；未经登记，不发生效力，但法律另有规定的除外。

Article 9 Creation, variation, transfer and extinguishment of immovable real right pursuant to registration pursuant to the law shall be effective; without registration, they shall have no effect, unless otherwise stipulated by the laws.

依法属于国家所有的自然资源，所有权可以不登记。

Registration is not required for natural resources which belong to the State pursuant to the law.

第十条   不动产登记，由不动产所在地的登记机构办理。

Article 10 The registration of an immovable shall be handled by the registration organ at the locality of the immovable.

国家对不动产实行统一登记制度。统一登记的范围、登记机构和登记办法，由法律、行政法规规定。

The State shall implement a unified system of registration for immovable property. The scope, organ and measures of uniform registration shall be specified by the related laws and administrative regulations.

第十一条   当事人申请登记，应当根据不同登记事项提供权属证明和不动产界址、面积等必要材料。

Article 11 In light of the different registration items, an applicant shall, when applying for the registration of a realty, provide the ownership certificate of the realty and such necessary materials as the location and area of the realty.

第十二条   登记机构应当履行下列职责：

Article 12 The Registration Organs shall perform the following duties:

（一）查验申请人提供的权属证明和其他必要材料；

1. Verifying the ownership certificate and other necessary materials as provided by the applicant;

（二）就有关登记事项询问申请人；

2. Inquiring the applicant about the registration items concerned;

（三）如实、及时登记有关事项；

(III) Register relevant items in a faithful and timely manner; and

（四）法律、行政法规规定的其他职责。

(IV) other duties stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.

申请登记的不动产的有关情况需要进一步证明的，登记机构可以要求申请人补充材料，必要时可以实地查看。

Where further evidence is required on the relevant information of the immovable under an application for registration, the registration authorities may require the applicant to supplement the materials, and may conduct onsite inspection where necessary.

第十三条   登记机构不得有下列行为：

Article 13 The registration authority shall not:

（一）要求对不动产进行评估；

1. To ask for an appraisal of the real estate;

（二）以年检等名义进行重复登记；

(II) Undertaking repeated registration in the name of annual inspection; and

（三）超出登记职责范围的其他行为。

(III) Other acts beyond the scope of registration duties.

第十四条   不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，依照法律规定应当登记的，自记载于不动产登记簿时发生效力。

Article 14 As regards the creation, alteration, alienation or termination of the real right of a realty, it shall go into effect since the date when it is recorded in the realty register in case the registration thereof is required by law.

第十五条   当事人之间订立有关设立、变更、转让和消灭不动产物权的合同，除法律另有规定或者合同另有约定外，自合同成立时生效；未办理物权登记的，不影响合同效力。

Article 15 Unless the laws or contractual provisions stipulate to the contrary, a contract concluded between the parties in respect of creation, variation, transfer or extinguishment of immovable real right shall be effective upon conclusion of the contract; the failure to complete registration of real right shall not affect the validity of the contract.

第十六条   不动产登记簿是物权归属和内容的根据。不动产登记簿由登记机构管理。

Article 16 The realty register shall be the basis for determining the ownership and contents of a realty. The real estate register shall be managed by the registration authority.

第十七条   不动产权属证书是权利人享有该不动产物权的证明。不动产权属证书记载的事项，应当与不动产登记簿一致；记载不一致的，除有证据证明不动产登记簿确有错误外，以不动产登记簿为准。

Article 17 An immovable property ownership certificate shall be evidence of the rights holder's entitlement to immovable property. The items recorded in the certificate of ownership of a real estate shall accord with those recorded in the real estate register. In case of any inconsistency, the one recorded in the real estate register shall prevail unless there is evidence proving that there is indeed an error in the real estate register.

第十八条   权利人、利害关系人可以申请查询、复制登记资料，登记机构应当提供。

Article 18 Any right holder or interested party may file an application for consulting or copying the registration materials, and the registration organ may not reject.

第十九条   权利人、利害关系人认为不动产登记簿记载的事项错误的，可以申请更正登记。不动产登记簿记载的权利人书面同意更正或者有证据证明登记确有错误的，登记机构应当予以更正。

Article 19 In case any right holder or interested party holds that any item recorded on the real estate register is wrong, he may apply for a correction of the registration. Where the rights holder recorded in the register of immovables agrees in writing to the correction or where there is evidence to prove that there is an error in the registration, the registration authorities shall make correction.

不动产登记簿记载的权利人不同意更正的，利害关系人可以申请异议登记。登记机构予以异议登记的，申请人在异议登记之日起十五日内不起诉，异议登记失效。异议登记不当，造成权利人损害的，权利人可以向申请人请求损害赔偿。

Where the right holder recorded in the real estate register does not agree to such correction, the interested party may apply for dissidence registration. Where the registration authorities grant dissent registration but the applicant does not file a lawsuit within 15 days from the date of dissent registration, the dissent registration shall become void. In case the dissidence registration is improper and bring into damages to the right holder, the right holder may require the applicant to compensate for damages.

第二十条   当事人签订买卖房屋或者其他不动产物权的协议，为保障将来实现物权，按照约定可以向登记机构申请预告登记。预告登记后，未经预告登记的权利人同意，处分该不动产的，不发生物权效力。

Article 20 In case the related parties enter into a purchase agreement on a premise or the real right of any other realty, they may apply for advance notice registration to the registration organ so as to ensure the realization of the real right in the future. Without the consent of the holder in the advance notice registration, any disposal of the realty, after the advance notice registration, may not produce effect of real right.

预告登记后，债权消灭或者自能够进行不动产登记之日起三个月内未申请登记的，预告登记失效。

In the event of extinguishment of creditor's rights following registration of advance notice, or failure to apply for registration within three months from registration of the immovable property, the registration of advance notice shall become void.

第二十一条   当事人提供虚假材料申请登记，给他人造成损害的，应当承担赔偿责任。

Article 21 Where a party concerned provides false materials to apply for registration and causes others to suffer damages, it shall bear compensation liability.

因登记错误，给他人造成损害的，登记机构应当承担赔偿责任。登记机构赔偿后，可以向造成登记错误的人追偿。

Where an error in registration results in damage to others, the registration authority shall be liable for compensation. The registration authority may seek recourse against the party responsible for the error in registration after making compensation.

第二十二条   不动产登记费按件收取，不得按照不动产的面积、体积或者价款的比例收取。具体收费标准由国务院有关部门会同价格主管部门规定。

Article 22 Registration fees for immovable property shall be collected on a per unit basis and shall not be based on a percentage of the area, volume or price of the immovable property. Specific fee rates shall be stipulated by the relevant State Council department jointly with the pricing authorities.

第二节 动产交付

Section 2 Personal Property Delivery

第二十三条   动产物权的设立和转让，自交付时发生效力，但法律另有规定的除外。

Article 23 Unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law, the creation or alienation of the real right of a chattel shall come into effect upon delivery.

第二十四条   船舶、航空器和机动车等物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。

Article 24 The creation, alteration, transfer or termination of the real right of any vessel, aircraft, or motor vehicle, etc. may not challenge any bona fide third party if it is not registered.

第二十五条   动产物权设立和转让前，权利人已经依法占有该动产的，物权自法律行为生效时发生效力。

Article 25 In case the right holder has legally possessed the chattel prior to the establishment or alienation of a chattel's real right, the real right shall come into effect upon the effectiveness of the legal act.

第二十六条   动产物权设立和转让前，第三人依法占有该动产的，负有交付义务的人可以通过转让请求第三人返还原物的权利代替交付。

Article 26 Where a third party has taken legal possession of a movable prior to the creation or transfer of real right of the movable, the person assuming the obligation of delivery may, in lieu of delivery, assign the right to request the third party to return the original object.

第二十七条   动产物权转让时，双方又约定由出让人继续占有该动产的，物权自该约定生效时发生效力。

Article 27 Where both parties agree to let the transferor retain possession of a movable when the real rights of the movable are transferred, the real rights take effect upon the effectiveness of the agreement.

第三节 其他规定

Section 3 Miscellaneous

第二十八条   因人民法院、仲裁委员会的法律文书或者人民政府的征收决定等，导致物权设立、变更、转让或者消灭的，自法律文书或者人民政府的征收决定等生效时发生效力。

Article 28 In case the creation, alteration, alienation or termination of a real right is resulted from a legal document of the people's court or arbitration committee or a requisition decision of the people's government, etc, the real right shall come into effect upon the effectiveness of the legal document or the requisition decision of the people's government.

第二十九条   因继承或者受遗赠取得物权的，自继承或者受遗赠开始时发生效力。

Article 29 Where real rights are acquired through inheritance or bequest, the real rights take effect at the commencement of the inheritance or bequest.

第三十条   因合法建造、拆除房屋等事实行为设立或者消灭物权的，自事实行为成就时发生效力。

Article 30 Where real rights are created or terminated as a result of such factual events as the legal construction or demolition of premises, the real rights take effect upon the accomplishment of the factual event.

第三十一条   依照本法第二十八条至第三十条规定享有不动产物权的，处分该物权时，依照法律规定需要办理登记的，未经登记，不发生物权效力。

Article 31 As regards a real right of realty enjoyed according to the provisions of Articles 28 through 30 of the present Law, any disposal thereof may not produce effect of real right until it is registered as required by law.

第三章 物权的保护

Chapter 3 Protection of Real Right

第三十二条   物权受到侵害的，权利人可以通过和解、调解、仲裁、诉讼等途径解决。

Article 32 Where real rights are infringed, the rights holder may resolve the matter through settlement, mediation, arbitration or litigation.

第三十三条   因物权的归属、内容发生争议的，利害关系人可以请求确认权利。

Article 33 Where there is a dispute over the ownership or contents of real rights, the interested parties may request for confirmation of rights.

第三十四条   无权占有不动产或者动产的，权利人可以请求返还原物。

Article 34 Where an immovable or movable is under unauthorized possession, the right holder may request the return of the original object.

第三十五条   妨害物权或者可能妨害物权的，权利人可以请求排除妨害或者消除危险。

Article 35 Where real rights are under obstruction or may be obstructed, the right holder may request the removal of the impediment or the elimination of the danger.

第三十六条   造成不动产或者动产毁损的，权利人可以请求修理、重作、更换或者恢复原状。

Article 36 Where damage is caused to an immovable property or movable property, a right holder may demand for the repair, rework, replacement or restoration of the original condition.

第三十七条   侵害物权，造成权利人损害的，权利人可以请求损害赔偿，也可以请求承担其他民事责任。

Article 37 Where a right holder suffers damage as a result of an infringement of real right, the right holder may seek damages for compensation or request for the bearing of other civil liability.

第三十八条   本章规定的物权保护方式，可以单独适用，也可以根据权利被侵害的情形合并适用。

Article 38 The ways for protecting real right as prescribed in this Chapter may apply either independently or jointly in light of the circumstances of infringement.

侵害物权，除承担民事责任外，违反行政管理规定的，依法承担行政责任；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

In addition to assuming civil liabilities, any entity or individual infringing upon real rights shall assume the administrative liabilities where he violates any provision on administrative regulation; and shall assume the criminal liabilities where a crime is constituted.

第二编 所有权

PART II OWNERSHIP

第四章 一般规定

Chapter 4 General Provisions

第三十九条   所有权人对自己的不动产或者动产，依法享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。

Article 39 The owner of an immovable or movable is entitled to possession, use, benefit and disposal of the immovable or movable in accordance with the law.

第四十条   所有权人有权在自己的不动产或者动产上设立用益物权和担保物权。用益物权人、担保物权人行使权利，不得损害所有权人的权益。

Article 40 An owner of an immovable or movable is entitled to the creation of usufructuary rights or security interests over the immovable or movable. The holder of usufructuary right or the holder of real right for security may, when exercising the right, not injure the owner's rights and interests.

第四十一条   法律规定专属于国家所有的不动产和动产，任何单位和个人不能取得所有权。

Article 41 As regards a realty or chattel that is exclusively owned by the state as prescribed by law, no entity or individual may obtain the ownership thereof.

第四十二条   为了公共利益的需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序可以征收集体所有的土地和单位、个人的房屋及其他不动产。

Article 42 Collectively-owned land and housing property and other immovable property of organisations and individuals may be requisitioned pursuant to the authority and procedures stipulated by law for public interest needs.

征收集体所有的土地，应当依法足额支付土地补偿费、安置补助费、地上附着物和青苗的补偿费等费用，安排被征地农民的社会保障费用，保障被征地农民的生活，维护被征地农民的合法权益。

When requisitioning land owned collectively, it is required to, in accordance with law and in full amount, pay land compensation fees, resettlement subsidies, compensation for the above-ground fixtures of the land and seedlings and other fees, arrange for social security fees for the farmers with land requisitioned, guarantee their livelihood and protect their lawful rights and interests.

征收单位、个人的房屋及其他不动产，应当依法给予拆迁补偿，维护被征收人的合法权益；征收个人住宅的，还应当保障被征收人的居住条件。

When requisitioning the premises owned by entities and individuals or other realties, it is required to compensate for demolishment and relocation in accordance with law and protect the lawful rights and interests of the owners of the requisitioned realties; when requisitioning the individuals' residential houses, it is required to guarantee the living conditions of the owners of the requisitioned houses.

任何单位和个人不得贪污、挪用、私分、截留、拖欠征收补偿费等费用。

No entity or individual may embezzle, misappropriate, privately divide, detain or delay the payment of compensation fees for requisition and other fees.

第四十三条   国家对耕地实行特殊保护，严格限制农用地转为建设用地，控制建设用地总量。不得违反法律规定的权限和程序征收集体所有的土地。

Article 43 The State provides special protection to cultivated land, strictly restricts the conversion of agricultural land into land for construction and controls the total amount of land for construction. Any collectively owned land shall not be requisitioned in violation of the limits of statutory power and procedures.

第四十四条   因抢险、救灾等紧急需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序可以征用单位、个人的不动产或者动产。被征用的不动产或者动产使用后，应当返还被征用人。单位、个人的不动产或者动产被征用或者征用后毁损、灭失的，应当给予补偿。

Article 44 In case of such urgent needs as rushing to deal with an emergency or providing disaster relief, the realties or chattels owned by entities and individuals may be requisitioned according to the statutory power limit and procedures. After the use of the requisitioned immovables or movables, they shall be returned to the owners. Where an immovable or movable owned by any entity or individual is damaged or lost after being used, corresponding compensation shall be made.

第五章 国家所有权和集体所有权、私人所有权

Chapter 5 State and collective ownership, private ownership

第四十五条   法律规定属于国家所有的财产，属于国家所有即全民所有。

Article 45 Property owned by the State as provided by law shall belong to the State, i.e., owned by the whole people.

国有财产由国务院代表国家行使所有权；法律另有规定的，依照其规定。

The State Council shall exercise the ownership of State-owned properties on behalf of the State; where it is otherwise provided for in any law, such provision shall prevail.

第四十六条   矿藏、水流、海域属于国家所有。

Article 46 Mineral resources, waters and sea areas shall be in the ownership of the state.

第四十七条   城市的土地，属于国家所有。法律规定属于国家所有的农村和城市郊区的土地，属于国家所有。

Article 47 Land in the cities is owned by the state. Lands in rural areas and suburban areas legally owned by the State are owned by the State.

第四十八条   森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源，属于国家所有，但法律规定属于集体所有的除外。

Article 48 Such natural resources as forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches shall be owned by the State, except for those that are owned by collectives as provided for by law.

第四十九条   法律规定属于国家所有的野生动植物资源，属于国家所有。

Article 49 As regards the wildlife resources that shall be owned by the state as provisioned by law, they shall be in the ownership of the state.

第五十条   无线电频谱资源属于国家所有。

Article 50 Radio frequency spectrum resources are owned by the State.

第五十一条   法律规定属于国家所有的文物，属于国家所有。

Article 51 Cultural relics legally owned by the State are owned by the State.

第五十二条   国防资产属于国家所有。

Article 52 National defense assets are owned by the State.

铁路、公路、电力设施、电信设施和油气管道等基础设施，依照法律规定为国家所有的，属于国家所有。

Infrastructures such as railways, highways, electric power facilities, telecommunication facilities, and petrol and gas pipelines legally owned by the State are owned by the State.

第五十三条   国家机关对其直接支配的不动产和动产，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和国务院的有关规定处分的权利。

Article 53 State organs have the power, in accordance with the laws and the relevant provisions of the State Council, to possess, utilize and dispose of any realty or chattel directly controlled by them.

第五十四条   国家举办的事业单位对其直接支配的不动产和动产，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和国务院的有关规定收益、处分的权利。

Article 54 Institutions established by the State shall have the right to possess, use, benefit and dispose of immovable property and movable property under their direct control pursuant to the laws and the relevant provisions of the State Council.

第五十五条   国家出资的企业，由国务院、地方人民政府依照法律、行政法规规定分别代表国家履行出资人职责，享有出资人权益。

Article 55 For an enterprise invested in by the State, the State Council and the local people's governments shall, in accordance with laws and administrative regulations, perform the contributor's duties as well as enjoy the contributor's rights and interests on behalf of the State.

第五十六条   国家所有的财产受法律保护，禁止任何单位和个人侵占、哄抢、私分、截留、破坏。

Article 56 Property owned by the State shall be protected by law and shall not be occupied, looted, privately divided, withheld or destroyed by any institution or individual.

第五十七条   履行国有财产管理、监督职责的机构及其工作人员，应当依法加强对国有财产的管理、监督，促进国有财产保值增值，防止国有财产损失；滥用职权，玩忽职守，造成国有财产损失的，应当依法承担法律责任。

Article 57 The institutions performing the duties of managing and supervising State-owned properties and their staff members shall, in accordance with the law, strengthen the management and supervision of State-owned properties to promote the maintenance and increase of the value of State-owned properties and to prevent losses thereof. Where any entity or individual causes any loss of State-owned properties by misusing authority or neglecting duty, he shall assume legal liabilities in accordance with the law.

违反国有财产管理规定，在企业改制、合并分立、关联交易等过程中，低价转让、合谋私分、擅自担保或者以其他方式造成国有财产损失的，应当依法承担法律责任。

Where, in the process of enterprise restructuring, merger, division or related-party transactions, any entity or individual found causing a loss in State-owned property by way of transferring the property at a low price, conspiring to divide the property privately, providing a guarantee without authorization or any other means in violation of the provisions on the administration of State-owned property, shall be liable in accordance with the law.

第五十八条   集体所有的不动产和动产包括：

Article 58 Immovables and movables owned collectively include:

（一）法律规定属于集体所有的土地和森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂；

1. land, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches that are owned by collectives in accordance with the law;

（二）集体所有的建筑物、生产设施、农田水利设施；

(II) collectively owned buildings, production facilities, and irrigation and water conservancy facilities;

（三）集体所有的教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育等设施；

(III) Education, science, culture, health, sports and other facilities that are collectively owned; and

（四）集体所有的其他不动产和动产。

(IV) other realties and chattels owned collectively.

第五十九条   农民集体所有的不动产和动产，属于本集体成员集体所有。

Article 59 Immovable property and movable property collectively-owned by farmers shall be collectively-owned by members of the collective group.

下列事项应当依照法定程序经本集体成员决定：

Members of a collective shall decide on the following matters in accordance with legal procedures:

（一）土地承包方案以及将土地发包给本集体以外的单位或者个人承包；

1. the land contracting plan and land contracting out to an entity or individual other than the collective;

（二）个别土地承包经营权人之间承包地的调整；

(II) The adjustment of contracted land among the rights holders of the contracted management of land;

（三）土地补偿费等费用的使用、分配办法；

(III) Methods for use and distribution of such fees as land compensation fees;

（四）集体出资的企业的所有权变动等事项；

(IV) The alteration of ownership or any other related issue of an enterprise invested by the collective; and

（五）法律规定的其他事项。

(V) Other matters provided by law.

第六十条   对于集体所有的土地和森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等，依照下列规定行使所有权：

Article 60 With regard to any collectively-owned land, forest, mountain, grassland, wasteland or tidal flat, the ownership thereof shall be exercised according to the following provisions:

（一）属于村农民集体所有的，由村集体经济组织或者村民委员会代表集体行使所有权；

1. Where it is owned by a rural collective of a village, the village collective economic organization or the villagers committee shall exercise the ownership on behalf of the collective;

（二）分别属于村内两个以上农民集体所有的，由村内各该集体经济组织或者村民小组代表集体行使所有权；

2. Where owned by two or more rural collectives, all the collective economic organizations or villagers groups of the village shall exercise the ownership on behalf of the collective; and

（三）属于乡镇农民集体所有的，由乡镇集体经济组织代表集体行使所有权。

(III) Where owned by a rural collective of a town, the collective economic organization of the town shall exercise the ownership on behalf of the collective.

第六十一条   城镇集体所有的不动产和动产，依照法律、行政法规的规定由本集体享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。

Article 61 As regards any realty or chattel owned by an urban collective, this urban collective has the rights to possess, use, seek profits from and dispose of it according to the related laws and administrative regulations.

第六十二条   集体经济组织或者村民委员会、村民小组应当依照法律、行政法规以及章程、村规民约向本集体成员公布集体财产的状况。

Article 62 Collective economic organisations or villagers' committees shall announce the status of the collectively-owned property to the members of the collective group pursuant to the laws, administrative regulations, and the articles of association, village rules or villagers' agreement.

第六十三条   集体所有的财产受法律保护，禁止任何单位和个人侵占、哄抢、私分、破坏。

Article 63 Collectively owned property shall be protected by law, and no entity or individual may occupy, encroach upon, privately divide or destroy it.

集体经济组织、村民委员会或者其负责人作出的决定侵害集体成员合法权益的，受侵害的集体成员可以请求人民法院予以撤销。

Where the legitimate rights and interests of any member of the collective are infringed upon by any decision made by a collective economic organization, villagers' committee or the principle thereof, such member may request the people's court to cancel the decision.

第六十四条   私人对其合法的收入、房屋、生活用品、生产工具、原材料等不动产和动产享有所有权。

Article 64 An individual is entitled to the ownership of his legal income, premise, household goods, production tools, raw materials and other realties and chattels.

第六十五条   私人合法的储蓄、投资及其收益受法律保护。

Article 65 The legal savings, investments and the proceeds therefrom of an individual shall be protected by law.

国家依照法律规定保护私人的继承权及其他合法权益。

The State shall protect the succession right and other legal rights and interests of private persons in accordance with the law.

第六十六条   私人的合法财产受法律保护，禁止任何单位和个人侵占、哄抢、破坏。

Article 66 An individual's legal properties shall be protected by law, any entity or individual may not encroach, plunder or destroy them.

第六十七条   国家、集体和私人依法可以出资设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司或者其他企业。国家、集体和私人所有的不动产或者动产，投到企业的，由出资人按照约定或者出资比例享有资产收益、重大决策以及选择经营管理者等权利并履行义务。

Article 67 The State, any collective or individual may invest in the establishment of a limited liability company, a company limited by shares or any other form of enterprise. In case the state, a collective or an individual invest the realties or chattels it owns in an enterprise, the contributor shall, in accordance with the agreement or on the basis of his proportion of investment, enjoy rights such as obtaining asset returns, making important decisions and selecting operators and managers and perform their duties.

第六十八条   企业法人对其不动产和动产依照法律、行政法规以及章程享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。

Article 68 In accordance with the laws, administrative regulations and its articles of association, an enterprise legal person is entitled to possess, utilize, seek profits from and dispose of any realty or chattel it owns.

企业法人以外的法人，对其不动产和动产的权利，适用有关法律、行政法规以及章程的规定。

As regards the rights over the realties and chattels owned by a legal person other than an enterprise legal person, the provisions of the related laws, administrative regulations and its articles of associations shall apply.

第六十九条   社会团体依法所有的不动产和动产，受法律保护。

Article 69 The realties and chattels owned by social organizations in accordance with law shall be protected by law.

第六章 业主的建筑物区分所有权

Chapter 6 Divisional Ownership of the Building to the Owner

第七十条   业主对建筑物内的住宅、经营性用房等专有部分享有所有权，对专有部分以外的共有部分享有共有和共同管理的权利。

Article 70 An owner is entitled to the ownership of the private areas including residential premises or premises used for business purposes within a building, and to the common ownership and common management of the common areas of the building.

第七十一条   业主对其建筑物专有部分享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。业主行使权利不得危及建筑物的安全，不得损害其他业主的合法权益。

Article 71 An owner is entitled to possess, use, benefit, and dispose of the exclusive parts of the building. Any owner may not endanger the safety of the building or infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of any other owner when exercising his rights.

第七十二条   业主对建筑物专有部分以外的共有部分，享有权利，承担义务；不得以放弃权利不履行义务。

Article 72 An owner enjoys the rights and assumes the obligations over the common parts other than the exclusive parts of the building, and may not waive such rights or refuse to perform such obligations.

业主转让建筑物内的住宅、经营性用房，其对共有部分享有的共有和共同管理的权利一并转让。

In case an owner transfers his residential house or the house used for business purposes within the building, the common ownership and the common management right enjoyed by the owner over the common parts shall be transferred at the same time.

第七十三条   建筑区划内的道路，属于业主共有，但属于城镇公共道路的除外。建筑区划内的绿地，属于业主共有，但属于城镇公共绿地或者明示属于个人的除外。建筑区划内的其他公共场所、公用设施和物业服务用房，属于业主共有。

Article 73 The roads within the building area, except for the public roads of cities and towns, shall be co-owned by the owners. Green space within the building's premises shall be co-owned by owners, with the exception of public green space in cities and towns or individuals where it is clearly stated. Other public premises, common facilities and premises used for estate services within the building are co-owned by the owners.

第七十四条   建筑区划内，规划用于停放汽车的车位、车库应当首先满足业主的需要。

Article 74 Car park spaces and garages within the building's premises shall satisfy the needs of the owners first.

建筑区划内，规划用于停放汽车的车位、车库的归属，由当事人通过出售、附赠或者出租等方式约定。

The ownership of car park spaces and garages within the building's premises shall be agreed between the parties concerned through sale, gift or lease, etc.

占用业主共有的道路或者其他场地用于停放汽车的车位，属于业主共有。

Car park spaces which occupy the roads or other premises co-owned by the owners shall be co-owned by the owners.

第七十五条   业主可以设立业主大会，选举业主委员会。

Article 75 Owners may set up an owners' assembly and elect an owners' committee.

地方人民政府有关部门应当对设立业主大会和选举业主委员会给予指导和协助。

The relevant departments of the local People's Government shall guide and assist in establishment of owners' groups and election of owners' committees.

第七十六条   下列事项由业主共同决定：

Article 76 The following matters should be decided jointly by the property owners:

（一）制定和修改业主大会议事规则；

1. The formulation and revision of the rules of procedure for the assembly of property owners;

（二）制定和修改建筑物及其附属设施的管理规约；

(II) The formulation and revision of the management rules for buildings and the auxiliary facilities thereof;

（三）选举业主委员会或者更换业主委员会成员；

(III) The election or replacement of members of the committee of property owners;

（四）选聘和解聘物业服务企业或者其他管理人；

(IV) The hiring or dismissal of property service enterprises or other managers;

（五）筹集和使用建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金；

(V) Raising or using funds for maintaining the building and affiliated facilities thereof;

（六）改建、重建建筑物及其附属设施；

(VI) The renovation or reconstruction of buildings and affiliated facilities; and

（七）有关共有和共同管理权利的其他重大事项。

(VII) Other important matters related to common management rights.

决定前款第五项和第六项规定的事项，应当经专有部分占建筑物总面积三分之二以上的业主且占总人数三分之二以上的业主同意。决定前款其他事项，应当经专有部分占建筑物总面积过半数的业主且占总人数过半数的业主同意。

A decision on a matter stipulated in item (5) or (6) of the preceding paragraph shall require the consent of two-thirds or more of the owners, whose ownership of exclusive areas constitute two-thirds or more of the total area of the building. For making a decision on any other issue prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the consent of half of the total owners with exclusive parts accounting for half of the total area of the building shall be obtained.

第七十七条   业主不得违反法律、法规以及管理规约，将住宅改变为经营性用房。业主将住宅改变为经营性用房的，除遵守法律、法规以及管理规约外，应当经有利害关系的业主同意。

Article 77 An owner shall not convert residential property to commercial property in violation of the provisions of the laws, regulations and management rules. An owner shall, when changing a residential house into a house used for business purposes, obtain the consent of the interested owners, in addition to complying with the laws, regulations and management stipulations.

第七十八条   业主大会或者业主委员会的决定，对业主具有约束力。

Article 78 Decisions of the assembly of property owners and the committee of property owners are binding on property owners.

业主大会或者业主委员会作出的决定侵害业主合法权益的，受侵害的业主可以请求人民法院予以撤销。

Where a decision of the assembly of property owners or the committee of property owners harms the legitimate rights and interests of a property owner, said property owner may request that the people's court nullify the decision.

第七十九条   建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金，属于业主共有。经业主共同决定，可以用于电梯、水箱等共有部分的维修。维修资金的筹集、使用情况应当公布。

Article 79 Funds for maintaining a building and affiliated facilities thereof shall be co-owned by the owners of the building. The funds may, upon the codetermination of the owners, be used for maintaining common areas such as elevators and water tanks. The raising and use of maintenance funds shall be made public.

第八十条   建筑物及其附属设施的费用分摊、收益分配等事项，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照业主专有部分占建筑物总面积的比例确定。

Article 80 In the event of an agreement on matters such as expense allocation and proceeds distribution of a building or any of its auxiliary facilities, such agreement shall apply; in the absence of an agreement or such agreement is ambiguous, such matters shall be determined in accordance with the proportion of each owner's area to the total area of the building.

第八十一条   业主可以自行管理建筑物及其附属设施，也可以委托物业服务企业或者其他管理人管理。

Article 81 The owners of a building may manage the building and affiliated facilities thereof by themselves or they may entrust a realty service enterprise or any other manager to conduct the management.

对建设单位聘请的物业服务企业或者其他管理人，业主有权依法更换。

The owner shall have the right to replace the estate services enterprise or manager appointed by the developer pursuant to the law.

第八十二条   物业服务企业或者其他管理人根据业主的委托管理建筑区划内的建筑物及其附属设施，并接受业主的监督。

Article 82 In accordance with the owners' wishes, the property management service or any other manager shall provide management of the building and affiliated facilities thereof, and accept the owners' supervision.

第八十三条   业主应当遵守法律、法规以及管理规约。

Article 83 The owners shall comply with the laws, regulations and management stipulations.

业主大会和业主委员会，对任意弃置垃圾、排放污染物或者噪声、违反规定饲养动物、违章搭建、侵占通道、拒付物业费等损害他人合法权益的行为，有权依照法律、法规以及管理规约，要求行为人停止侵害、消除危险、排除妨害、赔偿损失。业主对侵害自己合法权益的行为，可以依法向人民法院提起诉讼。

Where any act infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of other persons, such as the arbitrary disposal of waste, emission of pollutants or noise, keeping animals in violation of the provisions, illegally building shelters, occupying passageways or refusing to pay property management fees, etc, the owners' congress or the owners' committee has the right, in accordance with the laws, regulations and management stipulations, to request the cessation of the infringing act, removal of dangers and obstacles and compensation for any loss suffered. Where the legitimate rights and interests of an owner are infringed upon, the owner may file a lawsuit with a People's Court pursuant to the law.

第七章 相邻关系

Chapter 7 Neighboring Relationships

第八十四条   不动产的相邻权利人应当按照有利生产、方便生活、团结互助、公平合理的原则，正确处理相邻关系。

Article 84 A neighboring rights holder of an immovable shall, in accordance with the principles of facilitating production and livelihood, solidarity and mutual assistance, fairness and equity, handle the neighboring relationship properly.

第八十五条   法律、法规对处理相邻关系有规定的，依照其规定；法律、法规没有规定的，可以按照当地习惯。

Article 85 Where the disposal of neighboring relations is provided in any law or regulation, such provision shall apply; where there is no such provision, local customs shall apply.

第八十六条   不动产权利人应当为相邻权利人用水、排水提供必要的便利。

Article 86 A rights holder of an immovable shall provide holders of adjacent relation rights with the requisite convenience to the supply and drainage of water.

对自然流水的利用，应当在不动产的相邻权利人之间合理分配。对自然流水的排放，应当尊重自然流向。

The neighboring right holders of an immovable shall rationally distribute the utilization of natural running water. The natural current direction shall be respected when draining natural running water.

第八十七条   不动产权利人对相邻权利人因通行等必须利用其土地的，应当提供必要的便利。

Article 87 A rights holder of an immovable shall provide necessary convenience where a neighboring rights holder has to use the rights holder's land by virtue of passage or for any other reason.

第八十八条   不动产权利人因建造、修缮建筑物以及铺设电线、电缆、水管、暖气和燃气管线等必须利用相邻土地、建筑物的，该土地、建筑物的权利人应当提供必要的便利。

Article 88 Where the rights holder of an immovable has to use a neighboring land or building by virtue of the construction or repairing of a building, or the laying of wires, cables, water pipes, heating pipelines or fuel gas pipelines, etc, necessary convenience shall be provided by the rights holder of such land or building.

第八十九条   建造建筑物，不得违反国家有关工程建设标准，妨碍相邻建筑物的通风、采光和日照。

Article 89 The construction of a building shall not violate the relevant engineering construction standards of the State or obstruct ventilation, lighting and sunlight of adjacent buildings.

第九十条   不动产权利人不得违反国家规定弃置固体废物，排放大气污染物、水污染物、噪声、光、电磁波辐射等有害物质。

Article 90 No holder of realty may discard solid wastes or discharge such harmful substances as atmospheric pollutants, water pollutants, noise, light and electromagnetic radiation in violation of the related provisions of the state.

第九十一条   不动产权利人挖掘土地、建造建筑物、铺设管线以及安装设备等，不得危及相邻不动产的安全。

Article 91 The right holder of an immovable may not endanger the safety of any neighboring immovable when excavating land, constructing a building, laying a pipeline or installing equipment.

第九十二条   不动产权利人因用水、排水、通行、铺设管线等利用相邻不动产的，应当尽量避免对相邻的不动产权利人造成损害；造成损害的，应当给予赔偿。

Article 92 Where the right holder of an immovable has to use a neighboring immovable for the purpose of using water, drainage, passage or laying pipelines, etc, he shall make efforts to avoid causing damages to the right holder of the neighboring immovable; in case any damage is caused, he shall make compensation.

第八章 共 有

Chapter 8 Jointly Owned

第九十三条   不动产或者动产可以由两个以上单位、个人共有。共有包括按份共有和共同共有。

Article 93 An immovable or movable may be jointly owned by two or more entities or individuals. Joint ownership includes several co-ownership and joint co-ownership.

第九十四条   按份共有人对共有的不动产或者动产按照其份额享有所有权。

Article 94 Each co-owner by shares shall have the ownership of each co-owned realty or chattel in proportion to his share of the realty or chattel.

第九十五条   共同共有人对共有的不动产或者动产共同享有所有权。

Article 95 As regards a commonly owned realty or chattel, a joint owner shall, on a common basis, enjoy the ownership of the realty or chattel.

第九十六条   共有人按照约定管理共有的不动产或者动产；没有约定或者约定不明确的，各共有人都有管理的权利和义务。

Article 96 The co-owners shall manage the commonly owned realty or chattel in accordance with stipulations; in the case of no or unclear stipulations, all co-owners have the right and obligation of management.

第九十七条   处分共有的不动产或者动产以及对共有的不动产或者动产作重大修缮的，应当经占份额三分之二以上的按份共有人或者全体共同共有人同意，但共有人之间另有约定的除外。

Article 97 As regards the disposal or major repair of a commonly owned realty or chattel, unless it is otherwise stipulated by the co-owners, the consent of the several co-owners holding 2/3 shares or all joint owners shall be obtained.

第九十八条   对共有物的管理费用以及其他负担，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按份共有人按照其份额负担，共同共有人共同负担。

Article 98 As regards the management expenses or any other liabilities of a commonly owned res, in case there exists any stipulation on these, such stipulation shall apply; in the case of no or unclear stipulation, the expenses shall be assumed by the several co-owners in accordance with their respective shares or commonly assumed by all joint co-owners.

第九十九条   共有人约定不得分割共有的不动产或者动产，以维持共有关系的，应当按照约定，但共有人有重大理由需要分割的，可以请求分割；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按份共有人可以随时请求分割，共同共有人在共有的基础丧失或者有重大理由需要分割时可以请求分割。因分割对其他共有人造成损害的，应当给予赔偿。

Article 99 Where the co-owners of a co-owned immovable or movable have agreed not to partition the immovable or movable so as to maintain the relationship of co-ownership, such agreement shall apply; but where any co-owner has significant reasons for partitioning the immovable or movable, the partition may be requested; in the case of no or unclear agreement, a divided co-owner may request the partition at any time, and a joint co-owner may request the partition when the basis for co-ownership no longer exists or there are significant reasons for the partition. Compensation shall be made where a division results in damage to other joint owners.

第一百条   共有人可以协商确定分割方式。达不成协议，共有的不动产或者动产可以分割并且不会因分割减损价值的，应当对实物予以分割；难以分割或者因分割会减损价值的，应当对折价或者拍卖、变卖取得的价款予以分割。

Article 100 The co-owners of a commonly owned realty or chattel may decide on through negotiation the way of partition. Where no agreement is reached, the jointly owned immovable property or movable property may be divided with no reduction in value, the physical property shall be divided; where it is difficult to divide the physical property or a division will reduce its value, the proceeds from a discounting, auction or sale shall be divided.

共有人分割所得的不动产或者动产有瑕疵的，其他共有人应当分担损失。

Where there is any defect in an immovable or movable obtained from the partition by the co-owners, the other co-owners shall share the loss.

第一百零一条   按份共有人可以转让其享有的共有的不动产或者动产份额。其他共有人在同等条件下享有优先购买的权利。

Article 101 A divided co-owner may transfer his share of a co-owned immovable or movable. The other co-owners shall have the right of first refusal under the same conditions.

第一百零二条   因共有的不动产或者动产产生的债权债务，在对外关系上，共有人享有连带债权、承担连带债务，但法律另有规定或者第三人知道共有人不具有连带债权债务关系的除外；在共有人内部关系上，除共有人另有约定外，按份共有人按照份额享有债权、承担债务，共同共有人共同享有债权、承担债务。偿还债务超过自己应当承担份额的按份共有人，有权向其他共有人追偿。

Article 102 As regards an obligee's right or a debt generated from a commonly owned realty or chattel, unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law or the third party is aware of the fact that the co-owner does not have the relationship of joint and several creditor's right or debt, a co-owner shall enjoy joint and several creditor's right or undertake joint and several debt in terms of external relationship. In terms of an internal relationship among the co-owners, unless it is otherwise stipulated by the co-owners, a divided co-owner shall enjoy the creditor's right or undertake the debt on the basis of his own share, while joint co-owners shall enjoy the creditor's right or undertake the debt on a common basis. In case any several co-owner overpays his share of the liabilities, he has the right to recover the overpaid amount from the other co-owners.

第一百零三条   共有人对共有的不动产或者动产没有约定为按份共有或者共同共有，或者约定不明确的，除共有人具有家庭关系等外，视为按份共有。

Article 103 Where there is no agreement on whether the co-owned immovable or movable is under divided co-ownership or joint co-ownership or such agreement is unclear, it shall be deemed as a divided co-ownership unless a family relationship exists between the co-owners.

第一百零四条   按份共有人对共有的不动产或者动产享有的份额，没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照出资额确定；不能确定出资额的，视为等额享有。

Article 104 A divided co-owner's share of a commonly owned immovable or movable shall be determined according to his amount of capital contribution in the case of no agreement or unclear agreement. Where it is impossible to determine the amount of capital contribution, each divided co-owner shall enjoy an equal share.

第一百零五条   两个以上单位、个人共同享有用益物权、担保物权的，参照本章规定。

Article 105 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply as reference to usufructuary rights and security interests jointly owned by two or more organisations or individuals.

第九章 所有权取得的特别规定

Chapter 9 Special Provisions for Acquisition of Ownership

第一百零六条   无处分权人将不动产或者动产转让给受让人的，所有权人有权追回；除法律另有规定外，符合下列情形的，受让人取得该不动产或者动产的所有权：

Article 106 Where a person without the disposal right of an immovable or movable transfers the immovable or movable to an assignee, the owner is entitled to the recovery of the immovable or movable. Unless otherwise prescribed by law, the assignee shall obtain the ownership of the immovable or movable if all of the following conditions are met:

（一）受让人受让该不动产或者动产时是善意的；

1. The assignee accepts the immovable or movable in good faith;

（二）以合理的价格转让；

2. The assignment at a reasonable price;

（三）转让的不动产或者动产依照法律规定应当登记的已经登记，不需要登记的已经交付给受让人。

(III) The transferred immovable or movable for which registration is required by law has been registered. Where registration is not required, the immovable or movable has been delivered to the assignee.

受让人依照前款规定取得不动产或者动产的所有权的，原所有权人有权向无处分权人请求赔偿损失。

Where an assignee obtains the ownership of an immovable or movable in accordance with the preceding paragraph, the original owner may request the person without disposal rights of the immovable or movable to compensate for his losses.

当事人善意取得其他物权的，参照前两款规定。

In case a related party obtains any other form of real right in good faith, the preceding two paragraphs shall apply as reference.

第一百零七条   所有权人或者其他权利人有权追回遗失物。该遗失物通过转让被他人占有的，权利人有权向无处分权人请求损害赔偿，或者自知道或者应当知道受让人之日起二年内向受让人请求返还原物，但受让人通过拍卖或者向具有经营资格的经营者购得该遗失物的，权利人请求返还原物时应当支付受让人所付的费用。权利人向受让人支付所付费用后，有权向无处分权人追偿。

Article 107 An owner or any other rights holder has the right to recover a lost property. In case the lost property is possessed by any other person through alienation, the owner has the right to require the person unauthorized to dispose of the property to compensate for damages, or, ask the assignee to return the original property within 2 years as of the date when he knows about or should know the assignee. However, if the assignee purchases the lost property through auction or from a qualified operator, the holder shall, when requiring the return of the original property, pay the assignee the amount that the assignee has paid for purchasing the property. Upon payment to the assignee of the amount paid, the right of recourse against the person without disposal rights.

第一百零八条   善意受让人取得动产后，该动产上的原有权利消灭，但善意受让人在受让时知道或者应当知道该权利的除外。

Article 108 After a bona fide assignee obtains a realty, the original rights on the realty shall be terminated, unless the bona fide assignee has already known or should have known the rights when the transfer is made.

第一百零九条   拾得遗失物，应当返还权利人。拾得人应当及时通知权利人领取，或者送交公安等有关部门。

Article 109 Lost property which is found shall be returned to the rights holder. The person finding such object shall inform the right holder to claim the object or hand it over to such related departments as the public security department in time.

第一百一十条   有关部门收到遗失物，知道权利人的，应当及时通知其领取；不知道的，应当及时发布招领公告。

Article 110 Upon receipt of lost property, the relevant authorities shall notify the rights holder promptly to collect the lost property; where the rights holder is not aware, a public announcement shall be promptly made.

第一百一十一条   拾得人在遗失物送交有关部门前，有关部门在遗失物被领取前，应当妥善保管遗失物。因故意或者重大过失致使遗失物毁损、灭失的，应当承担民事责任。

Article 111 The person who finds the object shall properly keep it before it is handed over to the related department, and the related department shall do so before it is claimed by the right. Civil liability shall be borne where the lost property is damaged or lost as a result of wilful misconduct or gross negligence.

第一百一十二条   权利人领取遗失物时，应当向拾得人或者有关部门支付保管遗失物等支出的必要费用。

Article 112 The rights holder of the property, when claiming a lost property, shall pay the finder or the related department the expenses incurred from the safekeeping of the property.

权利人悬赏寻找遗失物的，领取遗失物时应当按照承诺履行义务。

Where a right holder has offered a reward for finding the object, he shall fulfill his obligation of granting the reward when claiming the object.

拾得人侵占遗失物的，无权请求保管遗失物等支出的费用，也无权请求权利人按照承诺履行义务。

Where the person who finds the property misappropriates the property, he shall be deprived of the right to claim payment for expenses incurred for safekeeping the property or demand the rights holder to perform his obligation as promised.

第一百一十三条   遗失物自发布招领公告之日起六个月内无人认领的，归国家所有。

Article 113 Lost property that is not collected within six months from the date of the public announcement for collection shall belong to the State.

第一百一十四条   拾得漂流物、发现埋藏物或者隐藏物的，参照拾得遗失物的有关规定。文物保护法等法律另有规定的，依照其规定。

Article 114 Where property is found drifting, buried or hidden, reference shall be made to the relevant provisions on lost and found property. Where laws such as the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics provide otherwise, such provisions shall prevail.

第一百一十五条   主物转让的，从物随主物转让，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 115 Unless otherwise agreed between the parties concerned, the auxiliary properties shall be transferred together with the principal property.

第一百一十六条   天然孳息，由所有权人取得；既有所有权人又有用益物权人的，由用益物权人取得。当事人另有约定的，按照约定。

Article 116 The owner shall be entitled to natural fruits of the property. Where there are both an owner and a usufructuary right holder, the usufructuary right holder shall be entitled to the natural fruits of the property. Where the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail.

法定孳息，当事人有约定的，按照约定取得；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照交易习惯取得。

Where there is an agreement between the parties on statutory fruits, the statutory fruits shall be obtained in accordance with the agreement; where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, statutory fruits shall be obtained in accordance with transaction practices.

第三编 用益物权

Part III Usufruct

第十章 一般规定

Chapter 10 General Provisions

第一百一十七条   用益物权人对他人所有的不动产或者动产，依法享有占有、使用和收益的权利。

Article 117 A usufructuary right holder is entitled to the possession, use and benefit from the immovable or movable owned by others in accordance with the law.

第一百一十八条   国家所有或者国家所有由集体使用以及法律规定属于集体所有的自然资源，单位、个人依法可以占有、使用和收益。

Article 118 For natural resources that are owned by the State or owned by the State but used by a collective or owned by a collective as prescribed by law, an entity or individual may possess, use and seek profit from them in accordance with the law.

第一百一十九条   国家实行自然资源有偿使用制度，但法律另有规定的除外。

Article 119 Unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law, the state adopts the system of paid use of natural resources.

第一百二十条   用益物权人行使权利，应当遵守法律有关保护和合理开发利用资源的规定。所有权人不得干涉用益物权人行使权利。

Article 120 When exercising his rights, a usufructuary right holder shall comply with the legal provisions on protecting, reasonably exploiting and utilizing resources. When the usufructuary right holder exercises his right, the owner may not interfere.

第一百二十一条   因不动产或者动产被征收、征用致使用益物权消灭或者影响用益物权行使的，用益物权人有权依照本法第四十二条、第四十四条的规定获得相应补偿。

Article 121 Where expropriation of an immovable or movable results in extinguishment of usufructuary rights or affects exercise of usufructuary rights, a usufructuary right holder shall have the right to obtain the corresponding compensation pursuant to the provisions of Article 42 and Article 44.

第一百二十二条   依法取得的海域使用权受法律保护。

Article 122 The lawfully obtained right to use sea areas shall be protected by law.

第一百二十三条   依法取得的探矿权、采矿权、取水权和使用水域、滩涂从事养殖、捕捞的权利受法律保护。

Article 123 The mineral exploration right, mining right, water drawing right and the right to use water areas or tidal flats for breeding or fishery shall be protected by law.

第十一章 土地承包经营权

Chapter 11 Right to Land Contractual Management

第一百二十四条   农村集体经济组织实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。

Article 124 The rural collective economic organizations apply the dual operation system characterized by the combination of centralized operation with decentralized operation on the basis of household contract operation.

农民集体所有和国家所有由农民集体使用的耕地、林地、草地以及其他用于农业的土地，依法实行土地承包经营制度。

As regards the cultivated land, wood land, grassland, and other land for agricultural use that are owned by farmer collectives as well as those that are owned by the state and used by farmer collectives, the system of land contractual management shall be adopted.

第一百二十五条   土地承包经营权人依法对其承包经营的耕地、林地、草地等享有占有、使用和收益的权利，有权从事种植业、林业、畜牧业等农业生产。

Article 125 A holder of rights to contractual land operations shall, pursuant to the law, have the right to possess, use and benefit from arable land, forest land, grassland, etc under contractual operations, and have the right to engage in agricultural production such as planting, forestry, husbandry, etc.

第一百二十六条   耕地的承包期为三十年。草地的承包期为三十年至五十年。林地的承包期为三十年至七十年；特殊林木的林地承包期，经国务院林业行政主管部门批准可以延长。

Article 126 The contractual term for arable land shall be 30 years. The contractual term for grassland shall be 30 up to 50 years. The term of contract for forestland ranges from 30 to 70 years; the term of contract for forestland with special trees may, upon approval by the competent administrative department for forestry under the State Council, be extended.

前款规定的承包期届满，由土地承包经营权人按照国家有关规定继续承包。

Upon expiry of the contractual period stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the holder of rights to contractual land operations may continue contractual operations pursuant to the relevant provisions of the State.

第一百二十七条   土地承包经营权自土地承包经营权合同生效时设立。

Article 127 Rights to contractual land operations shall be created from the effective date of the contract for contractual land operations.

县级以上地方人民政府应当向土地承包经营权人发放土地承包经营权证、林权证、草原使用权证，并登记造册，确认土地承包经营权。

The local people's government at the county level or above shall issue a certificate of the right to the contracted management of land, a forestry right certificate or a grassland use right certificate to the holder, register it in the brochure so as to confirm such rights.

第一百二十八条   土地承包经营权人依照农村土地承包法的规定，有权将土地承包经营权采取转包、互换、转让等方式流转。流转的期限不得超过承包期的剩余期限。未经依法批准，不得将承包地用于非农建设。

Article 128 A holder of rights to contractual land operations shall, pursuant to the provisions of rural land contract law, have the right to circulate the contractual land operations through subcontract, exchange or transfer etc. The circulated term may not be more than the remnant term of the original contract. Any contracted land may not be used for non-agricultural development without approval.

第一百二十九条   土地承包经营权人将土地承包经营权互换、转让，当事人要求登记的，应当向县级以上地方人民政府申请土地承包经营权变更登记；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。

Article 129 Where a holder of rights to contractual land operations exchanges or assigns the rights, the parties shall, if they so require, apply to the People's Government of county level and above for change of registration of rights to contractual land operations; no claims shall be made against a bona fide third party if registration is not completed.

第一百三十条   承包期内发包人不得调整承包地。

Article 130 The party awarding the contract may not adjust the contracted land within the contract period.

因自然灾害严重毁损承包地等特殊情形，需要适当调整承包的耕地和草地的，应当依照农村土地承包法等法律规定办理。

Where appropriate adjustments need to be made to the contracted arable land or grassland due to special circumstances such as serious damage to the contracted land caused by a natural disaster, etc, the matter shall be dealt with pursuant to the provisions of the rural land contract law, etc.

第一百三十一条   承包期内发包人不得收回承包地。农村土地承包法等法律另有规定的，依照其规定。

Article 131 The party awarding the contract shall not take back the contracted land during the contract period. Where the rural land contract law and other laws provide to the contrary, such provisions shall prevail.

第一百三十二条   承包地被征收的，土地承包经营权人有权依照本法第四十二条第二款的规定获得相应补偿。

Article 132 In the event of expropriation of contracted land, the holder of rights to contractual land operations shall have the right to obtain the corresponding compensation pursuant to the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 42.

第一百三十三条   通过招标、拍卖、公开协商等方式承包荒地等农村土地，依照农村土地承包法等法律和国务院的有关规定，其土地承包经营权可以转让、入股、抵押或者以其他方式流转。

Article 133 Where such rural land as wasteland is contracted through bid invitation, auction or public consultation, the right to land contractual management may, in accordance with the Law on Land Contract in Rural Areas and other laws and the relevant provisions of the State Council, be circulated through transfer, pooling of shares, mortgage or other means.

第一百三十四条   国家所有的农用地实行承包经营的，参照本法的有关规定。

Article 134 In case the contracted management is conducted over any state-owned farmland, the related provisions in the present Law shall apply by analogy.

第十二章 建设用地使用权

Chapter 12 Construction Land Use Rights

第一百三十五条   建设用地使用权人依法对国家所有的土地享有占有、使用和收益的权利，有权利用该土地建造建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施。

Article 135 A holder of rights to use construction land shall have the right to possess, use and benefit from land owned by the State pursuant to the law, and have the right to use the land for construction of buildings, structures and auxiliary facilities.

第一百三十六条   建设用地使用权可以在土地的地表、地上或者地下分别设立。新设立的建设用地使用权，不得损害已设立的用益物权。

Article 136 The right to use construction land may be created separately on the surface of or above or under the land. Newly created rights to use construction land must not infringe any existing usufructuary rights.

第一百三十七条   设立建设用地使用权，可以采取出让或者划拨等方式。

Article 137 Construction land use rights may be created through assignment or allotment, etc.

工业、商业、旅游、娱乐和商品住宅等经营性用地以及同一土地有两个以上意向用地者的，应当采取招标、拍卖等公开竞价的方式出让。

As regards the land used for purposes of industry, commerce, entertainment or commercial dwelling houses, etc. as well as the land with two or more intended users, the alienation thereof shall adopt such means as auction, bid invitation or any other public bidding method.

严格限制以划拨方式设立建设用地使用权。采取划拨方式的，应当遵守法律、行政法规关于土地用途的规定。

The creation of construction land use rights through allotment is strictly restricted. Where allotment is adopted, the provisions on land use in the laws and administrative regulations shall be observed.

第一百三十八条   采取招标、拍卖、协议等出让方式设立建设用地使用权的，当事人应当采取书面形式订立建设用地使用权出让合同。

Article 138 Where construction land use rights are created through invitation to tender, auction or agreement, etc., the parties concerned shall enter into a written construction land use rights assignment contract.

建设用地使用权出让合同一般包括下列条款：

A contract on the transfer of construction land use rights shall generally contain the following items:

（一）当事人的名称和住所；

1. The names and addresses of the parties;

（二）土地界址、面积等；

2. Boundaries and area, etc. of the land;

（三）建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施占用的空间；

(III) space to be occupied by buildings, constructions and auxiliary facilities thereof;

（四）土地用途；

(IV) the purpose of land use;

（五）使用期限；

(V) usage period;

（六）出让金等费用及其支付方式；

(VI) The grant fees and other fees as well as payment methods; and

（七）解决争议的方法。

(VII) dispute resolution.

第一百三十九条   设立建设用地使用权的，应当向登记机构申请建设用地使用权登记。建设用地使用权自登记时设立。登记机构应当向建设用地使用权人发放建设用地使用权证书。

Article 139 Registration of construction land use rights shall be completed with the registrar for creation of construction land use rights. Construction land use rights shall be established at the time of registration. A certificate on the right to use construction land shall be issued by the registration organ to the holder of the right to use construction land.

第一百四十条   建设用地使用权人应当合理利用土地，不得改变土地用途；需要改变土地用途的，应当依法经有关行政主管部门批准。

Article 140 The holder of the right to use construction land shall reasonably use the land and may not alter the purpose of land use. Where the purpose of land use needs to be altered, the approval of the relevant administrative department shall be obtained.

第一百四十一条   建设用地使用权人应当依照法律规定以及合同约定支付出让金等费用。

Article 141 The holder of rights to construction land use shall pay assignment fees and other fees pursuant to the provisions of the law and the contract.

第一百四十二条   建设用地使用权人建造的建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施的所有权属于建设用地使用权人，但有相反证据证明的除外。

Article 142 Unless there is evidence to the contrary, the ownership to buildings, structures and auxiliary facilities constructed by a holder of rights to construction land use shall belong to the holder of rights to construction land use.

第一百四十三条   建设用地使用权人有权将建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资、赠与或者抵押，但法律另有规定的除外。

Article 143 Unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law, the holder of construction land use rights has the right to transfer, exchange, use as equity contributions, endow or mortgage the construction land use rights.

第一百四十四条   建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资、赠与或者抵押的，当事人应当采取书面形式订立相应的合同。使用期限由当事人约定，但不得超过建设用地使用权的剩余期限。

Article 144 A written contract must be concluded by the parties for any transfer, exchange, contribution as capital, donation or mortgage of the rights to construction land use. The parties concerned may agree on the use term, which shall not exceed the remaining term of the rights to construction land use.

第一百四十五条   建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，应当向登记机构申请变更登记。

Article 145 An application for change registration shall be submitted to the registration authority for transfer, exchange, use as equity contribution, endowment, or mortgage of construction land use rights.

第一百四十六条   建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，附着于该土地上的建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施一并处分。

Article 146 When alienating, exchanging, using as equity contribution, endowing, or mortgaging the right to use construction land, the buildings, fixtures and affiliated facilities thereof on such land shall be disposed of simultaneously.

第一百四十七条   建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，该建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并处分。

Article 147 Where buildings, structures and auxiliary facilities are transferred, exchanged, contributed as capital or donated, the rights to construction land use occupied by the buildings, structures and auxiliary facilities shall be disposed of simultaneously.

第一百四十八条   建设用地使用权期间届满前，因公共利益需要提前收回该土地的，应当依照本法第四十二条的规定对该土地上的房屋及其他不动产给予补偿，并退还相应的出让金。

Article 148 Before the term of the right to use construction land expires, where it is necessary to take back the land in advance by virtue of public interests, compensations shall, according to Article 42 of this Law, be given to the houses and other realties on such land, and the corresponding land assignment fees shall be returned back.

第一百四十九条   住宅建设用地使用权期间届满的，自动续期。

Article 149 Construction land use rights for residential property shall be renewed automatically upon expiry of term.

非住宅建设用地使用权期间届满后的续期，依照法律规定办理。该土地上的房屋及其他不动产的归属，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，依照法律、行政法规的规定办理。

The rights to construction land use for non-residential property shall be renewed pursuant to the provisions of the law upon expiry. In case there exists any stipulation on the ownership of houses and other realties on the land, such stipulation shall apply; in the case of no or unclear such stipulation, the ownership shall be determined in accordance with the provisions in the laws and administrative regulations.

第一百五十条   建设用地使用权消灭的，出让人应当及时办理注销登记。登记机构应当收回建设用地使用权证书。

Article 150 Upon extinguishment of construction land use rights, the assignor shall promptly complete deregistration formalities. The registration authority shall repossess the certificate of rights to construction land use.

第一百五十一条   集体所有的土地作为建设用地的，应当依照土地管理法等法律规定办理。

Article 151. Where collectively owned land is used for construction purposes, it shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of the Land Management Law and other relevant laws.

第十三章 宅基地使用权

Chapter 13 Right to Use House Sites

第一百五十二条   宅基地使用权人依法对集体所有的土地享有占有和使用的权利，有权依法利用该土地建造住宅及其附属设施。

Article 152 A holder of rights to use residential land shall have the right to possess and use collectively-owned land pursuant to the law, and have the right to construct residential property and auxiliary facilities using the land pursuant to the law.

第一百五十三条   宅基地使用权的取得、行使和转让，适用土地管理法等法律和国家有关规定。

Article 153 The relevant provisions of the Land Administration Law and the State shall apply to the attainment, exercise and transfer of the rights to use residential land.

第一百五十四条   宅基地因自然灾害等原因灭失的，宅基地使用权消灭。对失去宅基地的村民，应当重新分配宅基地。

Article 154 The right to use house site shall be terminated where a house site is terminated by virtue of any natural disaster, etc.. A new residential site shall be allocated to villagers affected by the loss of a residential site.

第一百五十五条   已经登记的宅基地使用权转让或者消灭的，应当及时办理变更登记或者注销登记。

Article 155 Change registration or de-registration formalities shall be promptly completed for any transfer or extinguishment of registered rights to use residential land.

第十四章 地役权

Chapter 14 Easement

第一百五十六条   地役权人有权按照合同约定，利用他人的不动产,以提高自己的不动产的效益。

Article 156 An easement holder shall, according to the contract, be entitled to utilize the realty of someone else so as to enhance the efficiency of his own realty.

前款所称他人的不动产为供役地，自己的不动产为需役地。

The term "realty of someone else" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be the servient tenement, and "one's own realty" shall be the dominant tenement.

第一百五十七条   设立地役权，当事人应当采取书面形式订立地役权合同。

Article 157 For establishing an easement, the parties concerned shall enter into a written contract.

地役权合同一般包括下列条款：

In general, an easement contract shall contain the items as follows:

（一）当事人的姓名或者名称和住所；

1. names or titles and domiciles of the Parties concerned;

（二）供役地和需役地的位置；

(II) Locations of servient tenement and dominant tenement;

（三）利用目的和方法；

(III) purposes and methods of use;

（四）利用期限；

(IV) utilization period;

（五）费用及其支付方式；

(V) fees and payment method; and

（六）解决争议的方法。

(VI) dispute resolution.

第一百五十八条   地役权自地役权合同生效时设立。当事人要求登记的，可以向登记机构申请地役权登记；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。

Article 158 The easement shall be established since the easement contract comes into effect. Where the related parties require the registration of easement, they may apply to the registrar; without registration, they may not challenge any bona fide third party.

第一百五十九条   供役地权利人应当按照合同约定，允许地役权人利用其土地，不得妨害地役权人行使权利。

Article 159 The holder of subservient tenement shall allow an easement holder to use his land in accordance with the contract, and may not impede the easement holder from exercising his rights.

第一百六十条   地役权人应当按照合同约定的利用目的和方法利用供役地，尽量减少对供役地权利人物权的限制。

Article 160 An easement holder shall, according to the purpose and method of use as stipulated in the contract, use the servient tenement, and make efforts to reduce the real right restrictions on the holder of the servient tenement.

第一百六十一条   地役权的期限由当事人约定，但不得超过土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等用益物权的剩余期限。

Article 161 The easement term shall be stipulated by the related parties, however, it may not exceed the residual term of such usufructuary rights as the right to the contracted management of land, the right to use construction land, etc.

第一百六十二条   土地所有权人享有地役权或者负担地役权的，设立土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权时，该土地承包经营权人、宅基地使用权人继续享有或者负担已设立的地役权。

Article 162 As regards the easement enjoyed or assumed by a land owner, where the right to the contracted management of land or the right to use house site is created, holders of such rights may continuously enjoy or assume such established easement.

第一百六十三条   土地上已设立土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权、宅基地使用权等权利的，未经用益物权人同意，土地所有权人不得设立地役权。

Article 163 Where any such usufructuary right as the right to the contracted management of land, the right to use house site, etc on the land has been established, the land owner may, without consent of the aforesaid usufructuary right holder, not establish any easement.

第一百六十四条   地役权不得单独转让。土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等转让的，地役权一并转让，但合同另有约定的除外。

Article 164 An easement may not be separately transferred. Unless the contract provides to the contrary, an easement shall be transferred together with the transfer of rights to contractual land use or rights to the use of construction land.

第一百六十五条   地役权不得单独抵押。土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等抵押的，在实现抵押权时，地役权一并转让。

Article 165 An easement may not be solely mortgaged. Where rights to contractual land operations or rights to the use of construction land are mortgaged, any rights of easement shall be transferred upon the realisation of the mortgage.

第一百六十六条   需役地以及需役地上的土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权部分转让时，转让部分涉及地役权的，受让人同时享有地役权。

Article 166 Where a dominant tenement and rights to contractual land operations or rights to the use of construction land thereon are partially transferred, the transferee shall enjoy easement where the easement is involved in the transferred property.

第一百六十七条   供役地以及供役地上的土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权部分转让时，转让部分涉及地役权的，地役权对受让人具有约束力。

Article 167 Where a servient tenement and rights to contractual land operations or rights to the use of construction land thereon are partially transferred, and the partial transfer involves an easement, the easement shall be binding on the assignee.

第一百六十八条   地役权人有下列情形之一的，供役地权利人有权解除地役权合同，地役权消灭：

Article 168 The holder of the servient tenement has the right to rescind the easement contract in case an easement holder is under any of the following circumstances, and the easement shall be terminated:

（一）违反法律规定或者合同约定，滥用地役权；

1. Misuse easement in violation of law or the contract; or

（二）有偿利用供役地，约定的付款期间届满后在合理期限内经两次催告未支付费用。

(II) as regards the paid use of servient tenement, upon expiration of the stipulated time limit for payment, failing to pay fees within a reasonable period for two times after being urged to do so.

第一百六十九条   已经登记的地役权变更、转让或者消灭的，应当及时办理变更登记或者注销登记。

Article 169 Change registration or de-registration formalities shall be promptly completed for any change, transfer or extinguishment of a registered easement.

第四编 担保物权

PART IV SECURITY INTERESTS

第十五章 一般规定

Chapter 15 General Provisions

第一百七十条   担保物权人在债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现担保物权的情形，依法享有就担保财产优先受偿的权利，但法律另有规定的除外。

Article 170 Where the obligor fails to pay its due debts or any circumstance for realizing real rights for security as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs, the holder of real rights for security shall enjoy preferred payments from the property for security, unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law.

第一百七十一条   债权人在借贷、买卖等民事活动中，为保障实现其债权，需要担保的，可以依照本法和其他法律的规定设立担保物权。

Article 171 In civil activities such as loans and sales, where security is required to ensure the realization of creditors' rights, a security interest may be created in accordance with this Law and other laws.

第三人为债务人向债权人提供担保的，可以要求债务人提供反担保。反担保适用本法和其他法律的规定。

Where a third party provides security to the creditor for a debtor, the third party may require the debtor to provide counter-security. The countersecurity shall be pursuant to the present Law and other related laws.

第一百七十二条   设立担保物权，应当依照本法和其他法律的规定订立担保合同。担保合同是主债权债务合同的从合同。主债权债务合同无效，担保合同无效，但法律另有规定的除外。

Article 172 For establishing real rights for security, a security contract shall be entered into in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other laws. A security contract shall be a subordinate one to the principal contract. Unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law, the security contract shall be invalid when the principal contract is invalid.

担保合同被确认无效后，债务人、担保人、债权人有过错的，应当根据其过错各自承担相应的民事责任。

Where a security contract is confirmed to be void and the debtor, security provider or creditor is at fault, they shall bear their respective civil liability according to their respective fault.

第一百七十三条   担保物权的担保范围包括主债权及其利息、违约金、损害赔偿金、保管担保财产和实现担保物权的费用。当事人另有约定的，按照约定。

Article 173 The scope of security interests shall include the main creditor's rights and interest, default penalty, compensation for damages, and the expenses for safekeeping of collateral and realisation of security interests. Where the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail.

第一百七十四条   担保期间，担保财产毁损、灭失或者被征收等，担保物权人可以就获得的保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等优先受偿。被担保债权的履行期未届满的，也可以提存该保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等。

Article 174 Where property under a security interest is damaged, lost or expropriated during the term of the security interest, the holder of the security interest may seek preferential payments in respect of the insurance money, damages or indemnities, etc. received. If the term for performing the obligee's rights as secured has not expired, such insurance money, damages or indemnities, etc. may be submitted to a competent authority for safekeeping.

第一百七十五条   第三人提供担保，未经其书面同意，债权人允许债务人转移全部或者部分债务的，担保人不再承担相应的担保责任。

Article 175 Where a guarantee is provided by a third party, and the creditor allows the debtor to transfer all or part of the debt without the written consent of the guarantor, the guarantor shall not be liable for the corresponding guarantee.

第一百七十六条   被担保的债权既有物的担保又有人的担保的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现担保物权的情形，债权人应当按照约定实现债权；没有约定或者约定不明确，债务人自己提供物的担保的，债权人应当先就该物的担保实现债权；第三人提供物的担保的，债权人可以就物的担保实现债权，也可以要求保证人承担保证责任。提供担保的第三人承担担保责任后，有权向债务人追偿。

Article 176 Where a secured creditor's rights are secured by property and a guarantor, the creditor shall realise creditor's rights pursuant to the agreement when the debtor defaults on its debt obligations or where circumstances for the realisation of the security interest agreed by the parties has occurred; where no agreement exists or the agreement is ambiguous, and the debtor has provided security in the form of property by itself, the creditor shall realise creditor's rights by way of the security in the said property first; where security in the form of property is provided by a third party, the creditor may realise creditor's rights by way of security in the form of property or request the guarantor to bear guarantee liability. After assuming the guarantee liability, the third party has the right to seek recourse against the debtor.

第一百七十七条   有下列情形之一的，担保物权消灭：

Article 177 Real rights for security may be terminated under any of the following circumstances:

（一）主债权消灭；

1. The principal obligee's rights are terminated;

（二）担保物权实现；

2. real rights for security have been realized;

（三）债权人放弃担保物权；

3. The obligee waives the real rights for security; or

（四）法律规定担保物权消灭的其他情形。

(IV) Any other circumstance under which the real rights for security will be terminated as provided for by any law.

第一百七十八条   担保法与本法的规定不一致的，适用本法。

Article 178 Where any provision in the Security Law conflicts with that of the present Law, the latter shall prevail.

第十六章 抵押权

Chapter 16 Mortgage Right

第一节 一般抵押权

Section 1 General Mortgage Right

第一百七十九条   为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人不转移财产的占有，将该财产抵押给债权人的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，债权人有权就该财产优先受偿。

Article 179 Where an obligor or third party mortgages his properties to the obligee without transferring the possession of such properties for the purpose of guaranteeing the payment of debts, if the obligor fails to pay due debts or any circumstance as stipulated by the parties concerned for realizing the mortgage right occurs, the obligee has the right to seek preferred payments from such properties.

前款规定的债务人或者第三人为抵押人，债权人为抵押权人，提供担保的财产为抵押财产。

The debtor or third party referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be the mortgagor; the creditor shall be the mortgagee and the property provided as a guarantee shall be the mortgaged property.

第一百八十条   债务人或者第三人有权处分的下列财产可以抵押：

Article 180 A mortgage may be established on the following properties of which the obligor or third party has the right of disposal:

（一）建筑物和其他土地附着物；

1. Buildings and other objects attached to the land;

（二）建设用地使用权；

2. the right to use construction land;

（三）以招标、拍卖、公开协商等方式取得的荒地等土地承包经营权；

(III) the right to contractual management of such land as barren land, etc. that is acquired through bid invitation, auction and public consultation, etc.;

（四）生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品；

(IV) manufacturing facilities, raw materials, semi-manufactured goods and finished products;

（五）正在建造的建筑物、船舶、航空器；

(V) Buildings, vessels and aircraft under construction;

（六）交通运输工具；

(VI) transportation vehicles;

（七）法律、行政法规未禁止抵押的其他财产。

(VII) other properties not prohibited from being mortgaged by any law or administrative regulation.

抵押人可以将前款所列财产一并抵押。

A mortgagor may mortgage the properties listed in the preceding paragraph together.

第一百八十一条   经当事人书面协议，企业、个体工商户、农业生产经营者可以将现有的以及将有的生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品抵押，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，债权人有权就实现抵押权时的动产优先受偿。

Article 181 An enterprise, individual industrial and commercial household or agricultural production operator may, upon the written agreement between the parties concerned, mortgage the existing production equipments, raw materials, semi-finished products and products or those to be owned in future, and when the obligor fails to pay his due debts or any circumstance as stipulated by the parties concerned for realizing the mortgage right happens, the obligee has the right to seek preferred payments from the chattels existing at the time of the realization of the mortgage right.

第一百八十二条   以建筑物抵押的，该建筑物占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并抵押。以建设用地使用权抵押的，该土地上的建筑物一并抵押。

Article 182 Where a building is mortgaged, the rights to use construction land as possessed by the building shall be mortgaged concurrently. When mortgaging the right to use construction land, all the buildings on such land shall be mortgaged together.

抵押人未依照前款规定一并抵押的，未抵押的财产视为一并抵押。

Where the mortgagor fails to mortgage the properties in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the properties not mortgaged shall be deemed to be mortgaged together.

第一百八十三条   乡镇、村企业的建设用地使用权不得单独抵押。以乡镇、村企业的厂房等建筑物抵押的，其占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并抵押。

Article 183 The rights to use construction land for a township or village enterprise may not be individually mortgaged. Where a building such as a township factory or village enterprise is mortgaged, the rights to use construction land as possessed by the building shall be mortgaged together with the building.

第一百八十四条   下列财产不得抵押：

Article 184 The following properties may not be mortgaged:

（一）土地所有权；

1. the ownership of land;

（二）耕地、宅基地、自留地、自留山等集体所有的土地使用权，但法律规定可以抵押的除外；

(II) the right to use such collectively-owned land as cultivated land, house sites, private plots of cropland and hilly land, etc. except for those mortgagable as prescribed by law;

（三）学校、幼儿园、医院等以公益为目的的事业单位、社会团体的教育设施、医疗卫生设施和其他社会公益设施；

(III) educational, medical and other public welfare facilities of institutions and social groups with the aim of benefiting the public such as schools, kindergartens, hospitals, etc.;

（四）所有权、使用权不明或者有争议的财产；

(IV) properties with unclear or controversial ownership or use rights;

（五）依法被查封、扣押、监管的财产；

(V) properties legally confiscated, seized or controlled; or

（六）法律、行政法规规定不得抵押的其他财产。

(VI) other properties that cannot be mortgaged as prescribed by any law or administrative regulation.

第一百八十五条   设立抵押权，当事人应当采取书面形式订立抵押合同。

Article 185 For establishing a mortgage right, the parties concerned shall enter into a written mortgage contract.

抵押合同一般包括下列条款：

In general, a mortgage contract shall contain the items as follows:

（一）被担保债权的种类和数额；

1. Category and amount of the secured obligee's rights;

（二）债务人履行债务的期限；

(II) the time limit for performance of the obligation by the debtor;

（三）抵押财产的名称、数量、质量、状况、所在地、所有权归属或者使用权归属；

3. the name, quantity, quality, status, location, ownership or use right of the mortgaged property;

（四）担保的范围。

(IV) The scope of guarantee.

第一百八十六条   抵押权人在债务履行期届满前，不得与抵押人约定债务人不履行到期债务时抵押财产归债权人所有。

Article 186 Prior to the expiration of the term for paying debts, the mortgagee and the mortgagor may not stipulate that the ownership of the mortgaged property shall be attributed to the obligee when the obligor fails to pay his due debts.

第一百八十七条   以本法第一百八十条第一款第一项至第三项规定的财产或者第五项规定的正在建造的建筑物抵押的，应当办理抵押登记。抵押权自登记时设立。

Article 187 Where any of the property stipulated in item (1) to item (3) of the first paragraph of Article 180 or a building under construction as stipulated in item (5) is mortgaged, mortgage registration formalities shall be completed. Mortgage interests shall be created at the time of registration.

第一百八十八条   以本法第一百八十条第一款第四项、第六项规定的财产或者第五项规定的正在建造的船舶、航空器抵押的，抵押权自抵押合同生效时设立；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。

Article 188 In case properties as provided for in Items (4) or (6) of Paragraph 1 of Article 180 of the present Law or a vessel or aircraft under construction as provided for in Item (5) are mortgaged, the mortgage right shall be established since the mortgage contract comes into effect; without the registration, the mortgage right may not challenge any third party with good faith.

第一百八十九条   企业、个体工商户、农业生产经营者以本法第一百八十一条规定的动产抵押的，应当向抵押人住所地的工商行政管理部门办理登记。抵押权自抵押合同生效时设立；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。

Article 189 For mortgage of movable property stipulated in Article 181 by an enterprise, individually-owned business or agriculture producer, registration formalities shall be completed with the administration for industry and commerce at the location where the mortgagor stays. The mortgage right shall be established since the mortgage contract comes into effect; without the registration, such mortgage right may not challenge any third party with good faith.

依照本法第一百八十一条规定抵押的，不得对抗正常经营活动中已支付合理价款并取得抵押财产的买受人。

The mortgage as provided for in Article 181 of the present Law may not challenge the buyer who has paid a reasonable price and obtained the mortgaged property in the ordinary course of business.

第一百九十条   订立抵押合同前抵押财产已出租的，原租赁关系不受该抵押权的影响。抵押权设立后抵押财产出租的，该租赁关系不得对抗已登记的抵押权。

Article 190 Where a mortgaged property has been leased before a mortgage contract is entered into, the mortgage rights shall not affect the original leasehold relations. Where a mortgaged property is leased after the establishment of mortgage rights, the leasehold relation may be challenge the registered mortgage rights.

第一百九十一条   抵押期间，抵押人经抵押权人同意转让抵押财产的，应当将转让所得的价款向抵押权人提前清偿债务或者提存。转让的价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。

Article 191 Where a mortgagor transfers the mortgaged property during the mortgage term with the consent of the mortgagee, the money generated from the transfer shall be used for the early repayment of debts to the mortgagee or be submitted to a competent authority for safekeeping. Any excess from the transfer proceeds shall belong to the mortgagor and any shortfall shall be borne by the debtor.

抵押期间，抵押人未经抵押权人同意，不得转让抵押财产，但受让人代为清偿债务消灭抵押权的除外。

A mortgagor may not transfer the mortgaged property during the mortgage term without the consent of the mortgagee, unless the mortgage right is terminated due to the transferee's settlement of the debts on behalf of the mortgagor.

第一百九十二条   抵押权不得与债权分离而单独转让或者作为其他债权的担保。债权转让的，担保该债权的抵押权一并转让，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 192 Mortgage interests must not be separated from creditors' rights and individually transferred, or used to secure other creditors' rights. Where the obligee's rights are transferred, the mortgage right thereof shall be transferred concurrently, unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law or agreed by the parties concerned.

第一百九十三条   抵押人的行为足以使抵押财产价值减少的，抵押权人有权要求抵押人停止其行为。抵押财产价值减少的，抵押权人有权要求恢复抵押财产的价值，或者提供与减少的价值相应的担保。抵押人不恢复抵押财产的价值也不提供担保的，抵押权人有权要求债务人提前清偿债务。

Article 193 Where any act of a mortgagor is sufficient to cause a reduction in value of the mortgaged property, the mortgagee has the right to demand that the mortgagor cease such act. Where the value of the mortgaged property is reduced, the mortgagee shall have the right to demand the recovery of the value of the mortgaged property, or provide a security equal to the value reduced. Where the mortgagor neither recovers the value nor provides any security, the mortgagee has the right to demand the early repayment of debts by the obligor.

第一百九十四条   抵押权人可以放弃抵押权或者抵押权的顺位。抵押权人与抵押人可以协议变更抵押权顺位以及被担保的债权数额等内容，但抵押权的变更，未经其他抵押权人书面同意，不得对其他抵押权人产生不利影响。

Article 194 A mortgagee may abandon the mortgage right or the sequence thereof. A mortgagee and a mortgagor may, through negotiations, alter the sequence of receiving compensation in respect of mortgage rights or the amount of secured obligee's rights, etc., however, such alteration may not adversely affect any other mortgagee without his written consent.

债务人以自己的财产设定抵押，抵押权人放弃该抵押权、抵押权顺位或者变更抵押权的，其他担保人在抵押权人丧失优先受偿权益的范围内免除担保责任，但其他担保人承诺仍然提供担保的除外。

Where an obligor creates the mortgage by its/his own properties, and the mortgagee abandons the mortgage right, the sequence of receiving compensation in respect of mortgage right or alters the mortgage right, the other guarantors shall be exempted from the guarantee liability, the extent that the mortgagee has lost the right to seek preferred payments, unless any other guarantors undertake to continue to provide the guarantee.

第一百九十五条   债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，抵押权人可以与抵押人协议以抵押财产折价或者以拍卖、变卖该抵押财产所得的价款优先受偿。协议损害其他债权人利益的，其他债权人可以在知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内请求人民法院撤销该协议。

Article 195 Where the debtor defaults on its debt obligations or where circumstances for the realisation of the mortgage interest as agreed by the parties has occurred, the mortgagee may, by agreement with the mortgagor, claim the proceeds from a discount, auction or sale of the mortgaged property in priority, by requiring the realisation of the mortgaged property's value. Where the agreement harms the interests of the other creditors, the other creditors may apply to the People's Court for revocation of the agreement within one year from the date on which they become aware or should be aware of the revocation matter.

抵押权人与抵押人未就抵押权实现方式达成协议的，抵押权人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖抵押财产。

Where no agreement on the means of realizing the mortgage right is reached by the mortgagee and the mortgagor, the mortgagee may require the people's court to auction or sell off the mortgaged property.

抵押财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。

When cashing or selling the mortgaged property, its market price shall be referred to.

第一百九十六条   依照本法第一百八十一条规定设定抵押的，抵押财产自下列情形之一发生时确定：

Article 196 Where a mortgage is created in accordance with Article 181 hereof, the mortgaged property shall be confirmed under any of the following circumstances:

（一）债务履行期届满，债权未实现；

1. Upon expiration of the term for paying debts, the obligee's rights have not been realized;

（二）抵押人被宣告破产或者被撤销；

2. the mortgagor is declared bankrupt or is revoked;

（三）当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形；

(III) Other circumstances as stipulated by the parties concerned for realizing the mortgage right; or

（四）严重影响债权实现的其他情形。

(IV) Any other circumstance seriously impacting the realization of the obligee's rights.

第一百九十七条   债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，致使抵押财产被人民法院依法扣押的，自扣押之日起抵押权人有权收取该抵押财产的天然孳息或者法定孳息，但抵押权人未通知应当清偿法定孳息的义务人的除外。

Article 197 Where the obligor fails to pay his due debts or any circumstance as stipulated by the parties concerned for realizing the mortgage right arises, and the mortgaged property is thus seized by the people's court in accordance with the law, the mortgagee has the right to collect natural or statutory fruits of the mortgaged property as of the date of seizure, unless the mortgagee has failed to notify the obligor liable for paying off statutory fruits.

前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。

The "fruits" as referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be firstly used for paying the expenses for collecting the fruits.

第一百九十八条   抵押财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。

Article 198 Any proceeds from a discount, auction or sale of mortgaged property in excess of the debt shall belong to the mortgagor. Any shortfall shall be borne by the debtor.

第一百九十九条   同一财产向两个以上债权人抵押的，拍卖、变卖抵押财产所得的价款依照下列规定清偿：

Article 199 Where a property is mortgaged to two or more obligees concurrently, the proceeds of the auction or sale of the mortgaged property shall be applied to paying debts in the following manner:

（一）抵押权已登记的，按照登记的先后顺序清偿；顺序相同的，按照债权比例清偿；

1. In case all the mortgage rights to have been registered, the payments shall be made according to the registration sequence; and where the sequence is the same, the payments shall be made on the basis of the proportion of obligee's rights;

（二）抵押权已登记的先于未登记的受偿；

(II) The registered mortgage right shall be paid off prior to the unregistered one; and

（三）抵押权未登记的，按照债权比例清偿。

(III) Where no mortgage rights have been registered, the payments shall be made on the basis of the proportion of obligee's rights.

第二百条   建设用地使用权抵押后，该土地上新增的建筑物不属于抵押财产。该建设用地使用权实现抵押权时，应当将该土地上新增的建筑物与建设用地使用权一并处分，但新增建筑物所得的价款，抵押权人无权优先受偿。

Article 200 Any buildings newly constructed on the land after the mortgage of the rights to use construction land shall not belong to the mortgaged properties. In realizing the mortgage right, such newly-constructed buildings and the construction land use right shall be disposed of concurrently, provided, however, that the mortgagee has no right to seek preferential payments from any proceeds of the disposal of these newly-constructed buildings.

第二百零一条   依照本法第一百八十条第一款第三项规定的土地承包经营权抵押的，或者依照本法第一百八十三条规定以乡镇、村企业的厂房等建筑物占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并抵押的，实现抵押权后，未经法定程序，不得改变土地所有权的性质和土地用途。

Article 201 Where rights to contractual land operations are mortgaged pursuant to the provisions of item (3) of the first paragraph of Article 180, or rights to construction land use as possessed by a building such as a township factory or village enterprise pursuant to the provisions of Article 183 are mortgaged, and the mortgaged interests are realised, the land's nature of ownership and purpose of use may not be altered without undergoing statutory procedures.

第二百零二条   抵押权人应当在主债权诉讼时效期间行使抵押权；未行使的，人民法院不予保护。

Article 202 A mortgagee shall exercise the mortgage rights within the limitation of action for the principal creditor's rights; failing which, no protection shall be granted by the People's Court.

第二节 最高额抵押权

Section 2 Mortgage Right at Maximum Amount

第二百零三条   为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人对一定期间内将要连续发生的债权提供担保财产的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，抵押权人有权在最高债权额限度内就该担保财产优先受偿。

Article 203 Where an obligor or third party provides secured property for the obligee's rights that will arise consecutively within a certain term in order to guarantee the payment of debts, if the obligor fails to pay its/his due debts or any circumstance as stipulated by the parties concerned for realizing mortgage rights occurs, the mortgagee has the right to seek preferred payments from the secured property to the extent of the maximum amount of obligee's rights.

最高额抵押权设立前已经存在的债权，经当事人同意，可以转入最高额抵押担保的债权范围。

The obligee's rights existing prior to the establishment of the mortgage right at maximum amount may, upon the consent of the parties concerned, be incorporated into the scope of obligee's rights under the mortgage security at maximum amount.

第二百零四条   最高额抵押担保的债权确定前，部分债权转让的，最高额抵押权不得转让，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 204 Where part of an obligee's rights are transferred prior to the establishment of the maximum amount of mortgage security, the maximum amount of mortgage rights may not be transferred unless otherwise stipulated by the parties concerned.

第二百零五条   最高额抵押担保的债权确定前，抵押权人与抵押人可以通过协议变更债权确定的期间、债权范围以及最高债权额，但变更的内容不得对其他抵押权人产生不利影响。

Article 205 Prior to the confirmation of the obligee's rights under the maximum amount of mortgage security, the mortgagee and the mortgagor may, by agreement, alter the period for the confirmation of the obligee's rights, the scope of obligee's rights and the maximum amount of obligee's rights, provided that such alteration may not adversely affect any other mortgagee.

第二百零六条   有下列情形之一的，抵押权人的债权确定：

Article 206 The obligee's rights of a mortgagee shall be confirmed under any of the following circumstances:

（一）约定的债权确定期间届满；

1. The stipulated period for the confirmation of the obligee's rights expires;

（二）没有约定债权确定期间或者约定不明确，抵押权人或者抵押人自最高额抵押权设立之日起满二年后请求确定债权；

2. In case there is no stipulation on such term or the related stipulations are not clear, and where the mortgagee or the mortgagor requires determine the obligee’s rights after two years as of the date for the establishment of the mortgage right at maximum amount;

（三）新的债权不可能发生；

(III) It is impossible to have new creditor's rights;

（四）抵押财产被查封、扣押；

(IV) The mortgaged property is sealed up or seized;

（五）债务人、抵押人被宣告破产或者被撤销；

(V) The debtor or mortgagor is declared bankrupt or is revoked; or

（六）法律规定债权确定的其他情形。

(VI) Any other circumstance as prescribed by any law for confirming the obligee's rights.

第二百零七条   最高额抵押权除适用本节规定外，适用本章第一节一般抵押权的规定。

Article 207 The mortgage right at maximum amount shall be governed by, in addition to the provisions in this Section, the provisions on general mortgage right as provided for in Section 1 of this Chapter.

第十七章 质 权

Chapter 17 Pledge Right

第一节 动产质权

Section 1 Chattel Pledge

第二百零八条   为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人将其动产出质给债权人占有的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现质权的情形，债权人有权就该动产优先受偿。

Article 208 Where an obligor or a third party pledges his movables to the obligee for the purpose of guaranteeing the payment of debts, if the obligor fails to pay his due debts or any circumstance for realizing the pledge right as stipulated by the parties occurs, the obligee has the right to seek preferred payments from the pledged movables.

前款规定的债务人或者第三人为出质人，债权人为质权人，交付的动产为质押财产。

The debtor or third party referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be the pledgor; the creditor shall be the pledgee and the delivered movable property shall be the pledged property.

第二百零九条   法律、行政法规禁止转让的动产不得出质。

Article 209 Movables that are prohibited from being pledged by any law or administrative regulation may not be pledged.

第二百一十条   设立质权，当事人应当采取书面形式订立质权合同。

Article 210 For establishing the pledge right, the parties concerned shall enter into a written pledge contract.

质权合同一般包括下列条款：

In general, a contract on pledge right shall contain the following items:

（一）被担保债权的种类和数额；

1. Category and amount of the secured obligee's rights;

（二）债务人履行债务的期限；

(II) the time limit for performance of the obligation by the debtor;

（三）质押财产的名称、数量、质量、状况；

(III) the name, quantity, quality and condition of the pledged property;

（四）担保的范围；

(IV) The scope of guarantee; and

（五）质押财产交付的时间。

(V) The time of delivery of the pledged properties.

第二百一十一条   质权人在债务履行期届满前，不得与出质人约定债务人不履行到期债务时质押财产归债权人所有。

Article 211 The pledgee and the pledger may not, prior to the time limit for paying debts expires, stipulate that the ownership of pledged properties be attributed to the obligee when the obligor fails to pay due debts.

第二百一十二条   质权自出质人交付质押财产时设立。

Article 212 The pledge right shall be established after the pledgee has delivered the pledged properties.

第二百一十三条   质权人有权收取质押财产的孳息，但合同另有约定的除外。

Article 213 Unless it is otherwise stipulated in the contract, a pledgee has the right to obtain the fruits of the pledged properties.

前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。

The "fruits" as referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be firstly used for paying the expenses for collecting the fruits.

第二百一十四条   质权人在质权存续期间，未经出质人同意，擅自使用、处分质押财产，给出质人造成损害的，应当承担赔偿责任。

Article 214 Where a pledgee uses or disposes of the pledged properties without the consent of the pledgor during the duration of the pledge right, and thus damages are caused to the pledgor, the pledgee shall assume the compensation liabilities.

第二百一十五条   质权人负有妥善保管质押财产的义务；因保管不善致使质押财产毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。

Article 215 A pledgee shall be obliged to properly keep pledged properties; where pledged properties are damaged or lost by virtue of improper keeping, the pledgee shall make compensations.

质权人的行为可能使质押财产毁损、灭失的，出质人可以要求质权人将质押财产提存，或者要求提前清偿债务并返还质押财产。

Where pledged properties may be damaged or lost by act of the pledgee, the pledger may ask for the pledgee to submit them to a competent authority for keeping or require pay debts in advance and take back them.

第二百一十六条   因不能归责于质权人的事由可能使质押财产毁损或者价值明显减少，足以危害质权人权利的，质权人有权要求出质人提供相应的担保；出质人不提供的，质权人可以拍卖、变卖质押财产，并与出质人通过协议将拍卖、变卖所得的价款提前清偿债务或者提存。

Article 216 Where damage or a significant reduction in value may result from causes not attributable to the pledgee, and the rights of the pledgee is detrimental, the pledgee shall have the right to demand the pledgor to provide a security of corresponding value; where the pledgor fails to do so, the pledgee may auction or sell off the pledged property and may, by agreement with the pledgor, seek early repayment of the debt with the proceeds thereof or deposit the proceeds.

第二百一十七条   质权人在质权存续期间，未经出质人同意转质，造成质押财产毁损、灭失的，应当向出质人承担赔偿责任。

Article 217 Where a pledgee transfers the pledge within the duration of the pledge right without the consent of the pledgor, thus causing damage or loss to the pledged properties, the pledgee shall make compensations to the pledgor.

第二百一十八条   质权人可以放弃质权。债务人以自己的财产出质，质权人放弃该质权的，其他担保人在质权人丧失优先受偿权益的范围内免除担保责任，但其他担保人承诺仍然提供担保的除外。

Article 218 A pledgee may abandon the pledge right. Where an obligor provide the pledge right by his/its own properties, and the pledgee abandons the pledge right, unless any of other security providers promises to provide the security all the same, other security providers’ security liability will be exempted within the scope for which the pledgee has lost the right to seek preferred payments.

第二百一十九条   债务人履行债务或者出质人提前清偿所担保的债权的，质权人应当返还质押财产。

Article 219 Where the obligor has paid the debts or the pledgor has fulfilled the secured obligee's rights in advance, the pledgee shall return the pledged properties.

债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现质权的情形，质权人可以与出质人协议以质押财产折价，也可以就拍卖、变卖质押财产所得的价款优先受偿。

Where the debtor defaults on its debt obligations or where circumstances for the realisation of the pledge interest as agreed by the parties has occurred, the pledgee may, by agreement with the pledgor, claim the proceeds from a discount, auction or sale of the pledged property in priority, in satisfaction of its claim.

质押财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。

When cashing or selling the pledged properties, their market price shall be referred to.

第二百二十条   出质人可以请求质权人在债务履行期届满后及时行使质权；质权人不行使的，出质人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖质押财产。

Article 220 A pledgor may, upon expiration of the time limit for paying debts, request the pledgee to exercise the pledge right in a timely manner. If the pledgee fails to do so, the pledgor may request the People's Court to auction or sell off the pledged properties.

出质人请求质权人及时行使质权，因质权人怠于行使权利造成损害的，由质权人承担赔偿责任。

Where a pledgor has requested the pledgee to exercise the pledge right in a timely manner, but the pledgee is lazy to do so and thus damages are caused, the pledgee shall make compensations.

第二百二十一条   质押财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归出质人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。

Article 221 Any proceeds from a discount, auction or sale of pledged property in excess of the amount of debt secured shall belong to the pledgor and any shortfall shall be borne by the debtor.

第二百二十二条   出质人与质权人可以协议设立最高额质权。

Article 222 The pledgor and the pledgee may, upon negotiation, agree on the maximum amount of pledge rights.

最高额质权除适用本节有关规定外，参照本法第十六章第二节最高额抵押权的规定。

The provisions on maximum amount of mortgage interests in Section 2 of Chapter 16 shall apply to maximum amount of pledge interests, in addition to the relevant provisions of this Section.

第二节 权利质权

Section 2 Pledge of Rights

第二百二十三条   债务人或者第三人有权处分的下列权利可以出质：

Article 223 The following rights of which an obligor or third party has the right of disposal may be pledged:

（一）汇票、支票、本票；

1. bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes;

（二）债券、存款单；

(II) bonds and deposit receipts;

（三）仓单、提单；

(III) warehouse receipts and bills of lading;

（四）可以转让的基金份额、股权；

(IV) transferable fund units and equity;

（五）可以转让的注册商标专用权、专利权、著作权等知识产权中的财产权；

(V) Property rights included in transferable intellectual property rights such as exclusive trademark rights, patent rights, copyrights, etc;

（六）应收账款；

(VI) Accounts receivable;

（七）法律、行政法规规定可以出质的其他财产权利。

(VII) other property rights that can be pledged as prescribed by any law or administrative regulation.

第二百二十四条   以汇票、支票、本票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单出质的，当事人应当订立书面合同。质权自权利凭证交付质权人时设立；没有权利凭证的，质权自有关部门办理出质登记时设立。

Article 224 The parties concerned shall conclude a written contract for any pledge of a bill of exchange, cheque, promissory note, bond, certificate of deposit, warehouse receipt or bill of lading. The pledge right shall be established after the delivery of the title certificate of the pledge to the pledgee. In case there is no title certificate, the pledge right shall be established after the related department has handled the registration of the pledge.

第二百二十五条   汇票、支票、本票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单的兑现日期或者提货日期先于主债权到期的，质权人可以兑现或者提货，并与出质人协议将兑现的价款或者提取的货物提前清偿债务或者提存。

Article 225 Where the date of redemption or collection of the draft, cheque, cashier's cheque, bond, deposit receipt, warehouse receipt or bill of lading is prior to the due date of the principal obligee's rights, the pledgee may redeem or collect the goods, and may, upon negotiation with the pledgor, seek early payments with the redeemed money or the collected goods, or submit the said money or goods to a competent authority for safekeeping.

第二百二十六条   以基金份额、股权出质的，当事人应当订立书面合同。以基金份额、证券登记结算机构登记的股权出质的，质权自证券登记结算机构办理出质登记时设立；以其他股权出质的，质权自工商行政管理部门办理出质登记时设立。

Article 226 The parties concerned shall enter into a written contract for the pledge of fund units or equity. As regards the pledge of fund units or the stock rights that are registered in the securities depository and clearing institution, the pledge right shall be established after the securities depository and clearing institution has handled the registration of the pledge. As regards the pledge of other stock rights, the pledge right shall be established after the administration for industry and commerce has handled the registration of the pledge.

基金份额、股权出质后，不得转让，但经出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让基金份额、股权所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。

Pledged fund units and equity may not be transferred, unless the pledgor and the pledgee negotiated and agreed to the contrary. The pledgor shall apply the proceeds received from a transfer of fund units and equity to discharge the debt with the pledgee in advance or deposit the amount.

第二百二十七条   以注册商标专用权、专利权、著作权等知识产权中的财产权出质的，当事人应当订立书面合同。质权自有关主管部门办理出质登记时设立。

Article 227 The parties concerned shall conclude a written contract for pledge of property rights in intellectual property rights such as exclusive rights to use registered trademarks, patent rights, copyright, etc. The pledge shall be created at the time of registration of the pledge by the relevant authorities.

知识产权中的财产权出质后，出质人不得转让或者许可他人使用，但经出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让或者许可他人使用出质的知识产权中的财产权所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。

After the property rights in the intellectual property have been pledged, unless it is otherwise agreed to between the pledger and the pledgee upon negotiations, the pledger may not alienate the pledge or permit anyone else to use it. The pledgor shall make early repayment of the debt with the proceeds received from the transfer or permit the use of the pledged intellectual property right, or submit the proceeds to a competent authority for safekeeping.

第二百二十八条   以应收账款出质的，当事人应当订立书面合同。质权自信贷征信机构办理出质登记时设立。

Article 228 The parties concerned shall conclude a written contract for any account receivable pledged. The pledge interests shall be created at the time of registration of the pledge interest by the credit investigation organisation.

应收账款出质后，不得转让，但经出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让应收账款所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。

After the receivables have been pledged, unless it is otherwise agreed on by the pledger and the pledgee upon negotiations, the pledger may not alienate the pledged receivables. The pledgor shall apply the proceeds received from a transfer of the accounts receivable to discharge the debt with the pledgee in advance or deposit the amount.

第二百二十九条   权利质权除适用本节规定外，适用本章第一节动产质权的规定。

Article 229 The pledge of rights shall be governed by, in addition to the provisions prescribed in this Section, the provisions in Section 1 of this Chapter on the pledge of chattels.

第十八章 留置权

Chapter 18 Lien

第二百三十条   债务人不履行到期债务，债权人可以留置已经合法占有的债务人的动产，并有权就该动产优先受偿。

Article 230 Where an obligor fails to pay off his due debts, the obligee may take lien of the chattels that are owned by the obligor and lawfully occupied by the obligee, and has the right to seek preferred payments from such chattels.

前款规定的债权人为留置权人，占有的动产为留置财产。

The "obligee" as referred to in the preceding Paragraph shall be the lienor, and the occupied movable property shall be the property under lien.

第二百三十一条   债权人留置的动产，应当与债权属于同一法律关系，但企业之间留置的除外。

Article 231 The chattels taken as lien by the obligee and the obligee's rights shall fall into a same legal relationship, except for the lien between enterprises.

第二百三十二条   法律规定或者当事人约定不得留置的动产，不得留置。

Article 232 As regards chattels of which no lien may be taken as prescribed by law or stipulated by the parties concerned, lien may not be taken of them.

第二百三十三条   留置财产为可分物的，留置财产的价值应当相当于债务的金额。

Article 233 Where a property under lien is divisible, its value shall be equal to the amount of debts.

第二百三十四条   留置权人负有妥善保管留置财产的义务；因保管不善致使留置财产毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。

Article 234 A lienor shall assume the obligation to properly keep the property under lien, and shall make compensations in case the property under lien is damaged or lost by virtue of improper safekeeping.

第二百三十五条   留置权人有权收取留置财产的孳息。

Article 235 A lienor shall be entitled to the fruits generated from the property under lien.

前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。

The "fruits" as referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be firstly used for paying the expenses for collecting the fruits.

第二百三十六条   留置权人与债务人应当约定留置财产后的债务履行期间；没有约定或者约定不明确的，留置权人应当给债务人两个月以上履行债务的期间，但鲜活易腐等不易保管的动产除外。债务人逾期未履行的，留置权人可以与债务人协议以留置财产折价，也可以就拍卖、变卖留置财产所得的价款优先受偿。

Article 236 A lienor shall, after the property is taken as lien, stipulate with the obligor the term for the fulfillment of the obligee's rights; and in the case of no or unclear stipulation, two months or more shall be given to the obligor for fulfilling the obligee's rights, except for such chattels that are not easy to be kept as fresh goods, perishable goods, etc.. Where the obligor fails to fulfill the debt within the specified period, the lienor may cash the property under lien upon negotiation with the obligor, or seek preferential payments from the proceeds of the auction or sale of the property under lien.

留置财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。

When the property under lien is converted into money or sold off, its market price should be referred to.

第二百三十七条   债务人可以请求留置权人在债务履行期届满后行使留置权；留置权人不行使的，债务人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖留置财产。

Article 237 An obligor may, upon expiration of the time limit for paying debts, require the lienor to exercise the lien; and where the lienor fails to do so, the obligor may request the People's Court to sell or auction the property under lien.

第二百三十八条   留置财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归债务人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。

Article 238 Any proceeds from the discount, auction or sale of lien property in excess of the debt involved shall belong to the debtor and any shortfall shall be borne by the debtor.

第二百三十九条   同一动产上已设立抵押权或者质权，该动产又被留置的，留置权人优先受偿。

Article 239 Where lien property is subject to existing mortgage interests or pledge interests, the lienor shall be entitled to a priority in its claims.

第二百四十条   留置权人对留置财产丧失占有或者留置权人接受债务人另行提供担保的，留置权消灭。

Article 240 A lien shall be extinguished when the lienor loses possession of the property under lien or accepts another form of guarantee from the obligor.

第五编 占 有

Part V Possession

第十九章 占 有

Chapter 19 Possession

第二百四十一条   基于合同关系等产生的占有，有关不动产或者动产的使用、收益、违约责任等，按照合同约定；合同没有约定或者约定不明确的，依照有关法律规定。

Article 241 In case the possession occurs on the basis of a contractual relationship, the related stipulations in the contract shall be apply to the use, proceedings and default liability of the realty or chattel concerned; and the relevant legal provisions shall apply if there is no such stipulation in the contract or the stipulations are not clear,.

第二百四十二条   占有人因使用占有的不动产或者动产，致使该不动产或者动产受到损害的，恶意占有人应当承担赔偿责任。

Article 242 Where a possessor causes damage to the immovable or movable under his possession during use, the mala fide possessor shall be liable for compensation.

第二百四十三条   不动产或者动产被占有人占有的，权利人可以请求返还原物及其孳息，但应当支付善意占有人因维护该不动产或者动产支出的必要费用。

Article 243 Where an immovable or movable is possessed by the possessor, the owner may request the possessor to return the original object and fruits thereof, provided that the owner shall pay necessary expenses paid by the bona fide possessor for the maintenance of the immovable or movable.

第二百四十四条   占有的不动产或者动产毁损、灭失，该不动产或者动产的权利人请求赔偿的，占有人应当将因毁损、灭失取得的保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等返还给权利人；权利人的损害未得到足够弥补的，恶意占有人还应当赔偿损失。

Article 244 Where a realty or chattel under possession is damaged or lost, the possessor shall return the insurance money, damages or indemnities for the said destruction or loss to the holder if the holder requires compensations; and a mala fide possessor shall make compensations in case the damages to the holder have not been sufficiently made up.

第二百四十五条   占有的不动产或者动产被侵占的，占有人有权请求返还原物；对妨害占有的行为，占有人有权请求排除妨害或者消除危险；因侵占或者妨害造成损害的，占有人有权请求损害赔偿。

Article 245 Where an immovable or movable under possession is encroached upon, the possessor has the right to request the return of the original object; where any act impairs the possession, the possessor has the right to request the cessation of impairment or danger; and where any damage is caused by virtue of encroachment or interference, the possessor has the right to request compensation.

占有人返还原物的请求权，自侵占发生之日起一年内未行使的，该请求权消灭。

The claim by a possessor for the return of the original object shall perish, if the possessor fails to exercise it within one year as of the date of encroachment.

附 则

Supplementary Provisions

第二百四十六条   法律、行政法规对不动产统一登记的范围、登记机构和登记办法作出规定前，地方性法规可以依照本法有关规定作出规定。

Article 246 Before any law or administrative regulation prescribes the scope, organ and measures for uniform registration of realties, local regulations may provide for related matters in accordance with the related provisions in the present Law.

第二百四十七条   本法自2007年10月1日起施行。

Article 247 This Law shall go into effect as of October 1, 2007.