法律文本

中華人民共和國物權法

Property Law of the People’s Republic of China

主席令第六十二號

Presidential Decree No. 62

（2007年3月16日第十屆全國人民代表大會第五次會議通過 2007年3月16日公布 2007年10月1日起施行）

(Adopted at the 5th session of the 10th National People 's Congress on March 16, 2007)

目 錄

Contents

第一編 總 則

Part 1 General Provisions

第一章 基本原則

Chapter 1 Basic Principles

第一條   為了維護國家基本經濟制度，維護社會主義市場經濟秩序，明確物的歸屬，發揮物的效用，保護權利人的物權，根據憲法，制定本法。

Article 1 This Law is formulated pursuant to the Constitution for the purposes of safeguarding the basic economic system of the State, safeguarding the order of socialist market economy, clarifying property ownership, optimising the utility of property, and protecting the real right of rights holders.

第二條   因物的歸屬和利用而產生的民事關系，適用本法。

Article 2 This Law shall apply to civil relations arising from the attribution and utilization of property.

本法所稱物，包括不動產和動產。法律規定權利作為物權客體的，依照其規定。

Property referred to in this Law includes immovables and movables. Where rights are deemed as the objects of real rights by provisions of the law, such provisions shall apply.

本法所稱物權，是指權利人依法對特定的物享有直接支配和排他的權利，包括所有權、用益物權和擔保物權。

Property rights referred to in this Law shall mean a rights holder's exclusive right of direct control over a specific property pursuant to the law, including ownership, usufruct rights and security interests.

第三條   國家在社會主義初級階段，堅持公有制為主體、多種所有制經濟共同發展的基本經濟制度。

Article 3 In the primary stage of socialism, the State adheres to the basic economic system with public ownership as a principal element, and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side.

國家鞏固和發展公有制經濟，鼓勵、支持和引導非公有制經濟的發展。

The State consolidates and develops the public economy, and encourages, supports and guides the development of the non-public economy.

國家實行社會主義市場經濟，保障一切市場主體的平等法律地位和發展權利。

The State shall implement a socialist market economy and protect the equal legal status and development rights of all market entities.

第四條   國家、集體、私人的物權和其他權利人的物權受法律保護，任何單位和個人不得侵犯。

Article 4 The real right of the State, collective real right, private real right and the real right of other right holders shall be protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any entity or individual.

第五條   物權的種類和內容，由法律規定。

Article 5 The varieties and contents of real rights shall be prescribed by law.

第六條   不動產物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅，應當依照法律規定登記。動產物權的設立和轉讓，應當依照法律規定交付。

Article 6 The creation, variation, transfer and extinguishment of immovable real right shall be registered pursuant to the provisions of the law. The creation or transfer of real right of a movable shall be subject to delivery in accordance with the law.

第七條   物權的取得和行使，應當遵守法律，尊重社會公德，不得損害公共利益和他人合法權益。

Article 7 The acquisition and exercise of real rights shall comply with the law and respect social ethics, and may not harm the public interest and the legitimate rights and interests of any other person.

第八條   其他相關法律對物權另有特別規定的，依照其規定。

Article 8 Where other relevant laws provide for real right to the contrary, such provisions shall prevail.

第二章 物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅

Chapter 2 Creation, Alteration, Transfer and Termination of Real Right

第一節 不動產登記

Section 1 Real Property Registration

第九條   不動產物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅，經依法登記，發生效力；未經登記，不發生效力，但法律另有規定的除外。

Article 9 Creation, variation, transfer and extinguishment of immovable real right pursuant to registration pursuant to the law shall be effective; without registration, they shall have no effect, unless otherwise stipulated by the laws.

依法屬於國家所有的自然資源，所有權可以不登記。

Registration is not required for natural resources which belong to the State pursuant to the law.

第十條   不動產登記，由不動產所在地的登記機構辦理。

Article 10 The registration of an immovable shall be handled by the registration organ at the locality of the immovable.

國家對不動產實行統一登記制度。統一登記的範圍、登記機構和登記辦法，由法律、行政法規規定。

The State shall implement a unified system of registration for immovable property. The scope, organ and measures of uniform registration shall be specified by the related laws and administrative regulations.

第十一條   當事人申請登記，應當根據不同登記事項提供權屬證明和不動產界址、面積等必要材料。

Article 11 In light of the different registration items, an applicant shall, when applying for the registration of a realty, provide the ownership certificate of the realty and such necessary materials as the location and area of the realty.

第十二條   登記機構應當履行下列職責：

Article 12 The Registration Organs shall perform the following duties:

（一）查驗申請人提供的權屬證明和其他必要材料；

1. Verifying the ownership certificate and other necessary materials as provided by the applicant;

（二）就有關登記事項詢問申請人；

2. Inquiring the applicant about the registration items concerned;

（三）如實、及時登記有關事項；

(III) Register relevant items in a faithful and timely manner; and

（四）法律、行政法規規定的其他職責。

(IV) other duties stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.

申請登記的不動產的有關情況需要進一步證明的，登記機構可以要求申請人補充材料，必要時可以實地查看。

Where further evidence is required on the relevant information of the immovable under an application for registration, the registration authorities may require the applicant to supplement the materials, and may conduct onsite inspection where necessary.

第十三條   登記機構不得有下列行為：

Article 13 The registration authority shall not:

（一）要求對不動產進行評估；

1. To ask for an appraisal of the real estate;

（二）以年檢等名義進行重複登記；

(II) Undertaking repeated registration in the name of annual inspection; and

（三）超出登記職責範圍的其他行為。

(III) Other acts beyond the scope of registration duties.

第十四條   不動產物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅，依照法律規定應當登記的，自記載於不動產登記簿時發生效力。

Article 14 As regards the creation, alteration, alienation or termination of the real right of a realty, it shall go into effect since the date when it is recorded in the realty register in case the registration thereof is required by law.

第十五條   當事人之間訂立有關設立、變更、轉讓和消滅不動產物權的合同，除法律另有規定或者合同另有約定外，自合同成立時生效；未辦理物權登記的，不影響合同效力。

Article 15 Unless the laws or contractual provisions stipulate to the contrary, a contract concluded between the parties in respect of creation, variation, transfer or extinguishment of immovable real right shall be effective upon conclusion of the contract; the failure to complete registration of real right shall not affect the validity of the contract.

第十六條   不動產登記簿是物權歸屬和內容的根據。不動產登記簿由登記機構管理。

Article 16 The realty register shall be the basis for determining the ownership and contents of a realty. The real estate register shall be managed by the registration authority.

第十七條   不動產權屬證書是權利人享有該不動產物權的證明。不動產權屬證書記載的事項，應當與不動產登記簿一致；記載不一致的，除有證據證明不動產登記簿確有錯誤外，以不動產登記簿為準。

Article 17 An immovable property ownership certificate shall be evidence of the rights holder's entitlement to immovable property. The items recorded in the certificate of ownership of a real estate shall accord with those recorded in the real estate register. In case of any inconsistency, the one recorded in the real estate register shall prevail unless there is evidence proving that there is indeed an error in the real estate register.

第十八條   權利人、利害關系人可以申請查詢、複制登記資料，登記機構應當提供。

Article 18 Any right holder or interested party may file an application for consulting or copying the registration materials, and the registration organ may not reject.

第十九條   權利人、利害關系人認為不動產登記簿記載的事項錯誤的，可以申請更正登記。不動產登記簿記載的權利人書面同意更正或者有證據證明登記確有錯誤的，登記機構應當予以更正。

Article 19 In case any right holder or interested party holds that any item recorded on the real estate register is wrong, he may apply for a correction of the registration. Where the rights holder recorded in the register of immovables agrees in writing to the correction or where there is evidence to prove that there is an error in the registration, the registration authorities shall make correction.

不動產登記簿記載的權利人不同意更正的，利害關系人可以申請異議登記。登記機構予以異議登記的，申請人在異議登記之日起十五日內不起訴，異議登記失效。異議登記不當，造成權利人損害的，權利人可以向申請人請求損害賠償。

Where the right holder recorded in the real estate register does not agree to such correction, the interested party may apply for dissidence registration. Where the registration authorities grant dissent registration but the applicant does not file a lawsuit within 15 days from the date of dissent registration, the dissent registration shall become void. In case the dissidence registration is improper and bring into damages to the right holder, the right holder may require the applicant to compensate for damages.

第二十條   當事人簽訂買賣房屋或者其他不動產物權的協議，為保障將來實現物權，按照約定可以向登記機構申請預告登記。預告登記後，未經預告登記的權利人同意，處分該不動產的，不發生物權效力。

Article 20 In case the related parties enter into a purchase agreement on a premise or the real right of any other realty, they may apply for advance notice registration to the registration organ so as to ensure the realization of the real right in the future. Without the consent of the holder in the advance notice registration, any disposal of the realty, after the advance notice registration, may not produce effect of real right.

預告登記後，債權消滅或者自能夠進行不動產登記之日起三個月內未申請登記的，預告登記失效。

In the event of extinguishment of creditor's rights following registration of advance notice, or failure to apply for registration within three months from registration of the immovable property, the registration of advance notice shall become void.

第二十一條   當事人提供虛假材料申請登記，給他人造成損害的，應當承擔賠償責任。

Article 21 Where a party concerned provides false materials to apply for registration and causes others to suffer damages, it shall bear compensation liability.

因登記錯誤，給他人造成損害的，登記機構應當承擔賠償責任。登記機構賠償後，可以向造成登記錯誤的人追償。

Where an error in registration results in damage to others, the registration authority shall be liable for compensation. The registration authority may seek recourse against the party responsible for the error in registration after making compensation.

第二十二條   不動產登記費按件收取，不得按照不動產的面積、體積或者價款的比例收取。具體收費標準由國務院有關部門會同價格主管部門規定。

Article 22 Registration fees for immovable property shall be collected on a per unit basis and shall not be based on a percentage of the area, volume or price of the immovable property. Specific fee rates shall be stipulated by the relevant State Council department jointly with the pricing authorities.

第二節 動產交付

Section 2 Personal Property Delivery

第二十三條   動產物權的設立和轉讓，自交付時發生效力，但法律另有規定的除外。

Article 23 Unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law, the creation or alienation of the real right of a chattel shall come into effect upon delivery.

第二十四條   船舶、航空器和機動車等物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅，未經登記，不得對抗善意第三人。

Article 24 The creation, alteration, transfer or termination of the real right of any vessel, aircraft, or motor vehicle, etc. may not challenge any bona fide third party if it is not registered.

第二十五條   動產物權設立和轉讓前，權利人已經依法占有該動產的，物權自法律行為生效時發生效力。

Article 25 In case the right holder has legally possessed the chattel prior to the establishment or alienation of a chattel's real right, the real right shall come into effect upon the effectiveness of the legal act.

第二十六條   動產物權設立和轉讓前，第三人依法占有該動產的，負有交付義務的人可以通過轉讓請求第三人返還原物的權利代替交付。

Article 26 Where a third party has taken legal possession of a movable prior to the creation or transfer of real right of the movable, the person assuming the obligation of delivery may, in lieu of delivery, assign the right to request the third party to return the original object.

第二十七條   動產物權轉讓時，雙方又約定由出讓人繼續占有該動產的，物權自該約定生效時發生效力。

Article 27 Where both parties agree to let the transferor retain possession of a movable when the real rights of the movable are transferred, the real rights take effect upon the effectiveness of the agreement.

第三節 其他規定

Section 3 Miscellaneous

第二十八條   因人民法院、仲裁委員會的法律文書或者人民政府的征收決定等，導致物權設立、變更、轉讓或者消滅的，自法律文書或者人民政府的征收決定等生效時發生效力。

Article 28 In case the creation, alteration, alienation or termination of a real right is resulted from a legal document of the people's court or arbitration committee or a requisition decision of the people's government, etc, the real right shall come into effect upon the effectiveness of the legal document or the requisition decision of the people's government.

第二十九條   因繼承或者受遺贈取得物權的，自繼承或者受遺贈開始時發生效力。

Article 29 Where real rights are acquired through inheritance or bequest, the real rights take effect at the commencement of the inheritance or bequest.

第三十條   因合法建造、拆除房屋等事實行為設立或者消滅物權的，自事實行為成就時發生效力。

Article 30 Where real rights are created or terminated as a result of such factual events as the legal construction or demolition of premises, the real rights take effect upon the accomplishment of the factual event.

第三十一條   依照本法第二十八條至第三十條規定享有不動產物權的，處分該物權時，依照法律規定需要辦理登記的，未經登記，不發生物權效力。

Article 31 As regards a real right of realty enjoyed according to the provisions of Articles 28 through 30 of the present Law, any disposal thereof may not produce effect of real right until it is registered as required by law.

第三章 物權的保護

Chapter 3 Protection of Real Right

第三十二條   物權受到侵害的，權利人可以通過和解、調解、仲裁、訴訟等途徑解決。

Article 32 Where real rights are infringed, the rights holder may resolve the matter through settlement, mediation, arbitration or litigation.

第三十三條   因物權的歸屬、內容發生爭議的，利害關系人可以請求確認權利。

Article 33 Where there is a dispute over the ownership or contents of real rights, the interested parties may request for confirmation of rights.

第三十四條   無權占有不動產或者動產的，權利人可以請求返還原物。

Article 34 Where an immovable or movable is under unauthorized possession, the right holder may request the return of the original object.

第三十五條   妨害物權或者可能妨害物權的，權利人可以請求排除妨害或者消除危險。

Article 35 Where real rights are under obstruction or may be obstructed, the right holder may request the removal of the impediment or the elimination of the danger.

第三十六條   造成不動產或者動產毀損的，權利人可以請求修理、重作、更換或者恢複原狀。

Article 36 Where damage is caused to an immovable property or movable property, a right holder may demand for the repair, rework, replacement or restoration of the original condition.

第三十七條   侵害物權，造成權利人損害的，權利人可以請求損害賠償，也可以請求承擔其他民事責任。

Article 37 Where a right holder suffers damage as a result of an infringement of real right, the right holder may seek damages for compensation or request for the bearing of other civil liability.

第三十八條   本章規定的物權保護方式，可以單獨適用，也可以根據權利被侵害的情形合並適用。

Article 38 The ways for protecting real right as prescribed in this Chapter may apply either independently or jointly in light of the circumstances of infringement.

侵害物權，除承擔民事責任外，違反行政管理規定的，依法承擔行政責任；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。

In addition to assuming civil liabilities, any entity or individual infringing upon real rights shall assume the administrative liabilities where he violates any provision on administrative regulation; and shall assume the criminal liabilities where a crime is constituted.

第二編 所有權

PART II OWNERSHIP

第四章 一般規定

Chapter 4 General Provisions

第三十九條   所有權人對自己的不動產或者動產，依法享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權利。

Article 39 The owner of an immovable or movable is entitled to possession, use, benefit and disposal of the immovable or movable in accordance with the law.

第四十條   所有權人有權在自己的不動產或者動產上設立用益物權和擔保物權。用益物權人、擔保物權人行使權利，不得損害所有權人的權益。

Article 40 An owner of an immovable or movable is entitled to the creation of usufructuary rights or security interests over the immovable or movable. The holder of usufructuary right or the holder of real right for security may, when exercising the right, not injure the owner's rights and interests.

第四十一條   法律規定專屬於國家所有的不動產和動產，任何單位和個人不能取得所有權。

Article 41 As regards a realty or chattel that is exclusively owned by the state as prescribed by law, no entity or individual may obtain the ownership thereof.

第四十二條   為了公共利益的需要，依照法律規定的權限和程序可以征收集體所有的土地和單位、個人的房屋及其他不動產。

Article 42 Collectively-owned land and housing property and other immovable property of organisations and individuals may be requisitioned pursuant to the authority and procedures stipulated by law for public interest needs.

征收集體所有的土地，應當依法足額支付土地補償費、安置補助費、地上附著物和青苗的補償費等費用，安排被征地農民的社會保障費用，保障被征地農民的生活，維護被征地農民的合法權益。

When requisitioning land owned collectively, it is required to, in accordance with law and in full amount, pay land compensation fees, resettlement subsidies, compensation for the above-ground fixtures of the land and seedlings and other fees, arrange for social security fees for the farmers with land requisitioned, guarantee their livelihood and protect their lawful rights and interests.

征收單位、個人的房屋及其他不動產，應當依法給予拆遷補償，維護被征收人的合法權益；征收個人住宅的，還應當保障被征收人的居住條件。

When requisitioning the premises owned by entities and individuals or other realties, it is required to compensate for demolishment and relocation in accordance with law and protect the lawful rights and interests of the owners of the requisitioned realties; when requisitioning the individuals' residential houses, it is required to guarantee the living conditions of the owners of the requisitioned houses.

任何單位和個人不得貪汙、挪用、私分、截留、拖欠征收補償費等費用。

No entity or individual may embezzle, misappropriate, privately divide, detain or delay the payment of compensation fees for requisition and other fees.

第四十三條   國家對耕地實行特殊保護，嚴格限制農用地轉為建設用地，控制建設用地總量。不得違反法律規定的權限和程序征收集體所有的土地。

Article 43 The State provides special protection to cultivated land, strictly restricts the conversion of agricultural land into land for construction and controls the total amount of land for construction. Any collectively owned land shall not be requisitioned in violation of the limits of statutory power and procedures.

第四十四條   因搶險、救災等緊急需要，依照法律規定的權限和程序可以征用單位、個人的不動產或者動產。被征用的不動產或者動產使用後，應當返還被征用人。單位、個人的不動產或者動產被征用或者征用後毀損、滅失的，應當給予補償。

Article 44 In case of such urgent needs as rushing to deal with an emergency or providing disaster relief, the realties or chattels owned by entities and individuals may be requisitioned according to the statutory power limit and procedures. After the use of the requisitioned immovables or movables, they shall be returned to the owners. Where an immovable or movable owned by any entity or individual is damaged or lost after being used, corresponding compensation shall be made.

第五章 國家所有權和集體所有權、私人所有權

Chapter 5 State and collective ownership, private ownership

第四十五條   法律規定屬於國家所有的財產，屬於國家所有即全民所有。

Article 45 Property owned by the State as provided by law shall belong to the State, i.e., owned by the whole people.

國有財產由國務院代表國家行使所有權；法律另有規定的，依照其規定。

The State Council shall exercise the ownership of State-owned properties on behalf of the State; where it is otherwise provided for in any law, such provision shall prevail.

第四十六條   礦藏、水流、海域屬於國家所有。

Article 46 Mineral resources, waters and sea areas shall be in the ownership of the state.

第四十七條   城市的土地，屬於國家所有。法律規定屬於國家所有的農村和城市郊區的土地，屬於國家所有。

Article 47 Land in the cities is owned by the state. Lands in rural areas and suburban areas legally owned by the State are owned by the State.

第四十八條   森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘塗等自然資源，屬於國家所有，但法律規定屬於集體所有的除外。

Article 48 Such natural resources as forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches shall be owned by the State, except for those that are owned by collectives as provided for by law.

第四十九條   法律規定屬於國家所有的野生動植物資源，屬於國家所有。

Article 49 As regards the wildlife resources that shall be owned by the state as provisioned by law, they shall be in the ownership of the state.

第五十條   無線電頻譜資源屬於國家所有。

Article 50 Radio frequency spectrum resources are owned by the State.

第五十一條   法律規定屬於國家所有的文物，屬於國家所有。

Article 51 Cultural relics legally owned by the State are owned by the State.

第五十二條   國防資產屬於國家所有。

Article 52 National defense assets are owned by the State.

鐵路、公路、電力設施、電信設施和油氣管道等基礎設施，依照法律規定為國家所有的，屬於國家所有。

Infrastructures such as railways, highways, electric power facilities, telecommunication facilities, and petrol and gas pipelines legally owned by the State are owned by the State.

第五十三條   國家機關對其直接支配的不動產和動產，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和國務院的有關規定處分的權利。

Article 53 State organs have the power, in accordance with the laws and the relevant provisions of the State Council, to possess, utilize and dispose of any realty or chattel directly controlled by them.

第五十四條   國家舉辦的事業單位對其直接支配的不動產和動產，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和國務院的有關規定收益、處分的權利。

Article 54 Institutions established by the State shall have the right to possess, use, benefit and dispose of immovable property and movable property under their direct control pursuant to the laws and the relevant provisions of the State Council.

第五十五條   國家出資的企業，由國務院、地方人民政府依照法律、行政法規規定分別代表國家履行出資人職責，享有出資人權益。

Article 55 For an enterprise invested in by the State, the State Council and the local people's governments shall, in accordance with laws and administrative regulations, perform the contributor's duties as well as enjoy the contributor's rights and interests on behalf of the State.

第五十六條   國家所有的財產受法律保護，禁止任何單位和個人侵占、哄搶、私分、截留、破壞。

Article 56 Property owned by the State shall be protected by law and shall not be occupied, looted, privately divided, withheld or destroyed by any institution or individual.

第五十七條   履行國有財產管理、監督職責的機構及其工作人員，應當依法加強對國有財產的管理、監督，促進國有財產保值增值，防止國有財產損失；濫用職權，玩忽職守，造成國有財產損失的，應當依法承擔法律責任。

Article 57 The institutions performing the duties of managing and supervising State-owned properties and their staff members shall, in accordance with the law, strengthen the management and supervision of State-owned properties to promote the maintenance and increase of the value of State-owned properties and to prevent losses thereof. Where any entity or individual causes any loss of State-owned properties by misusing authority or neglecting duty, he shall assume legal liabilities in accordance with the law.

違反國有財產管理規定，在企業改制、合並分立、關聯交易等過程中，低價轉讓、合謀私分、擅自擔保或者以其他方式造成國有財產損失的，應當依法承擔法律責任。

Where, in the process of enterprise restructuring, merger, division or related-party transactions, any entity or individual found causing a loss in State-owned property by way of transferring the property at a low price, conspiring to divide the property privately, providing a guarantee without authorization or any other means in violation of the provisions on the administration of State-owned property, shall be liable in accordance with the law.

第五十八條   集體所有的不動產和動產包括：

Article 58 Immovables and movables owned collectively include:

（一）法律規定屬於集體所有的土地和森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘塗；

1. land, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches that are owned by collectives in accordance with the law;

（二）集體所有的建築物、生產設施、農田水利設施；

(II) collectively owned buildings, production facilities, and irrigation and water conservancy facilities;

（三）集體所有的教育、科學、文化、衛生、體育等設施；

(III) Education, science, culture, health, sports and other facilities that are collectively owned; and

（四）集體所有的其他不動產和動產。

(IV) other realties and chattels owned collectively.

第五十九條   農民集體所有的不動產和動產，屬於本集體成員集體所有。

Article 59 Immovable property and movable property collectively-owned by farmers shall be collectively-owned by members of the collective group.

下列事項應當依照法定程序經本集體成員決定：

Members of a collective shall decide on the following matters in accordance with legal procedures:

（一）土地承包方案以及將土地發包給本集體以外的單位或者個人承包；

1. the land contracting plan and land contracting out to an entity or individual other than the collective;

（二）個別土地承包經營權人之間承包地的調整；

(II) The adjustment of contracted land among the rights holders of the contracted management of land;

（三）土地補償費等費用的使用、分配辦法；

(III) Methods for use and distribution of such fees as land compensation fees;

（四）集體出資的企業的所有權變動等事項；

(IV) The alteration of ownership or any other related issue of an enterprise invested by the collective; and

（五）法律規定的其他事項。

(V) Other matters provided by law.

第六十條   對於集體所有的土地和森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘塗等，依照下列規定行使所有權：

Article 60 With regard to any collectively-owned land, forest, mountain, grassland, wasteland or tidal flat, the ownership thereof shall be exercised according to the following provisions:

（一）屬於村農民集體所有的，由村集體經濟組織或者村民委員會代表集體行使所有權；

1. Where it is owned by a rural collective of a village, the village collective economic organization or the villagers committee shall exercise the ownership on behalf of the collective;

（二）分別屬於村內兩個以上農民集體所有的，由村內各該集體經濟組織或者村民小組代表集體行使所有權；

2. Where owned by two or more rural collectives, all the collective economic organizations or villagers groups of the village shall exercise the ownership on behalf of the collective; and

（三）屬於鄉鎮農民集體所有的，由鄉鎮集體經濟組織代表集體行使所有權。

(III) Where owned by a rural collective of a town, the collective economic organization of the town shall exercise the ownership on behalf of the collective.

第六十一條   城鎮集體所有的不動產和動產，依照法律、行政法規的規定由本集體享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權利。

Article 61 As regards any realty or chattel owned by an urban collective, this urban collective has the rights to possess, use, seek profits from and dispose of it according to the related laws and administrative regulations.

第六十二條   集體經濟組織或者村民委員會、村民小組應當依照法律、行政法規以及章程、村規民約向本集體成員公布集體財產的狀況。

Article 62 Collective economic organisations or villagers' committees shall announce the status of the collectively-owned property to the members of the collective group pursuant to the laws, administrative regulations, and the articles of association, village rules or villagers' agreement.

第六十三條   集體所有的財產受法律保護，禁止任何單位和個人侵占、哄搶、私分、破壞。

Article 63 Collectively owned property shall be protected by law, and no entity or individual may occupy, encroach upon, privately divide or destroy it.

集體經濟組織、村民委員會或者其負責人作出的決定侵害集體成員合法權益的，受侵害的集體成員可以請求人民法院予以撤銷。

Where the legitimate rights and interests of any member of the collective are infringed upon by any decision made by a collective economic organization, villagers' committee or the principle thereof, such member may request the people's court to cancel the decision.

第六十四條   私人對其合法的收入、房屋、生活用品、生產工具、原材料等不動產和動產享有所有權。

Article 64 An individual is entitled to the ownership of his legal income, premise, household goods, production tools, raw materials and other realties and chattels.

第六十五條   私人合法的儲蓄、投資及其收益受法律保護。

Article 65 The legal savings, investments and the proceeds therefrom of an individual shall be protected by law.

國家依照法律規定保護私人的繼承權及其他合法權益。

The State shall protect the succession right and other legal rights and interests of private persons in accordance with the law.

第六十六條   私人的合法財產受法律保護，禁止任何單位和個人侵占、哄搶、破壞。

Article 66 An individual's legal properties shall be protected by law, any entity or individual may not encroach, plunder or destroy them.

第六十七條   國家、集體和私人依法可以出資設立有限責任公司、股份有限公司或者其他企業。國家、集體和私人所有的不動產或者動產，投到企業的，由出資人按照約定或者出資比例享有資產收益、重大決策以及選擇經營管理者等權利並履行義務。

Article 67 The State, any collective or individual may invest in the establishment of a limited liability company, a company limited by shares or any other form of enterprise. In case the state, a collective or an individual invest the realties or chattels it owns in an enterprise, the contributor shall, in accordance with the agreement or on the basis of his proportion of investment, enjoy rights such as obtaining asset returns, making important decisions and selecting operators and managers and perform their duties.

第六十八條   企業法人對其不動產和動產依照法律、行政法規以及章程享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權利。

Article 68 In accordance with the laws, administrative regulations and its articles of association, an enterprise legal person is entitled to possess, utilize, seek profits from and dispose of any realty or chattel it owns.

企業法人以外的法人，對其不動產和動產的權利，適用有關法律、行政法規以及章程的規定。

As regards the rights over the realties and chattels owned by a legal person other than an enterprise legal person, the provisions of the related laws, administrative regulations and its articles of associations shall apply.

第六十九條   社會團體依法所有的不動產和動產，受法律保護。

Article 69 The realties and chattels owned by social organizations in accordance with law shall be protected by law.

第六章 業主的建築物區分所有權

Chapter 6 Divisional Ownership of the Building to the Owner

第七十條   業主對建築物內的住宅、經營性用房等專有部分享有所有權，對專有部分以外的共有部分享有共有和共同管理的權利。

Article 70 An owner is entitled to the ownership of the private areas including residential premises or premises used for business purposes within a building, and to the common ownership and common management of the common areas of the building.

第七十一條   業主對其建築物專有部分享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權利。業主行使權利不得危及建築物的安全，不得損害其他業主的合法權益。

Article 71 An owner is entitled to possess, use, benefit, and dispose of the exclusive parts of the building. Any owner may not endanger the safety of the building or infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of any other owner when exercising his rights.

第七十二條   業主對建築物專有部分以外的共有部分，享有權利，承擔義務；不得以放棄權利不履行義務。

Article 72 An owner enjoys the rights and assumes the obligations over the common parts other than the exclusive parts of the building, and may not waive such rights or refuse to perform such obligations.

業主轉讓建築物內的住宅、經營性用房，其對共有部分享有的共有和共同管理的權利一並轉讓。

In case an owner transfers his residential house or the house used for business purposes within the building, the common ownership and the common management right enjoyed by the owner over the common parts shall be transferred at the same time.

第七十三條   建築區劃內的道路，屬於業主共有，但屬於城鎮公共道路的除外。建築區劃內的綠地，屬於業主共有，但屬於城鎮公共綠地或者明示屬於個人的除外。建築區劃內的其他公共場所、公用設施和物業服務用房，屬於業主共有。

Article 73 The roads within the building area, except for the public roads of cities and towns, shall be co-owned by the owners. Green space within the building's premises shall be co-owned by owners, with the exception of public green space in cities and towns or individuals where it is clearly stated. Other public premises, common facilities and premises used for estate services within the building are co-owned by the owners.

第七十四條   建築區劃內，規劃用於停放汽車的車位、車庫應當首先滿足業主的需要。

Article 74 Car park spaces and garages within the building's premises shall satisfy the needs of the owners first.

建築區劃內，規劃用於停放汽車的車位、車庫的歸屬，由當事人通過出售、附贈或者出租等方式約定。

The ownership of car park spaces and garages within the building's premises shall be agreed between the parties concerned through sale, gift or lease, etc.

占用業主共有的道路或者其他場地用於停放汽車的車位，屬於業主共有。

Car park spaces which occupy the roads or other premises co-owned by the owners shall be co-owned by the owners.

第七十五條   業主可以設立業主大會，選舉業主委員會。

Article 75 Owners may set up an owners' assembly and elect an owners' committee.

地方人民政府有關部門應當對設立業主大會和選舉業主委員會給予指導和協助。

The relevant departments of the local People's Government shall guide and assist in establishment of owners' groups and election of owners' committees.

第七十六條   下列事項由業主共同決定：

Article 76 The following matters should be decided jointly by the property owners:

（一）制定和修改業主大會議事規則；

1. The formulation and revision of the rules of procedure for the assembly of property owners;

（二）制定和修改建築物及其附屬設施的管理規約；

(II) The formulation and revision of the management rules for buildings and the auxiliary facilities thereof;

（三）選舉業主委員會或者更換業主委員會成員；

(III) The election or replacement of members of the committee of property owners;

（四）選聘和解聘物業服務企業或者其他管理人；

(IV) The hiring or dismissal of property service enterprises or other managers;

（五）籌集和使用建築物及其附屬設施的維修資金；

(V) Raising or using funds for maintaining the building and affiliated facilities thereof;

（六）改建、重建建築物及其附屬設施；

(VI) The renovation or reconstruction of buildings and affiliated facilities; and

（七）有關共有和共同管理權利的其他重大事項。

(VII) Other important matters related to common management rights.

決定前款第五項和第六項規定的事項，應當經專有部分占建築物總面積三分之二以上的業主且占總人數三分之二以上的業主同意。決定前款其他事項，應當經專有部分占建築物總面積過半數的業主且占總人數過半數的業主同意。

A decision on a matter stipulated in item (5) or (6) of the preceding paragraph shall require the consent of two-thirds or more of the owners, whose ownership of exclusive areas constitute two-thirds or more of the total area of the building. For making a decision on any other issue prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the consent of half of the total owners with exclusive parts accounting for half of the total area of the building shall be obtained.

第七十七條   業主不得違反法律、法規以及管理規約，將住宅改變為經營性用房。業主將住宅改變為經營性用房的，除遵守法律、法規以及管理規約外，應當經有利害關系的業主同意。

Article 77 An owner shall not convert residential property to commercial property in violation of the provisions of the laws, regulations and management rules. An owner shall, when changing a residential house into a house used for business purposes, obtain the consent of the interested owners, in addition to complying with the laws, regulations and management stipulations.

第七十八條   業主大會或者業主委員會的決定，對業主具有約束力。

Article 78 Decisions of the assembly of property owners and the committee of property owners are binding on property owners.

業主大會或者業主委員會作出的決定侵害業主合法權益的，受侵害的業主可以請求人民法院予以撤銷。

Where a decision of the assembly of property owners or the committee of property owners harms the legitimate rights and interests of a property owner, said property owner may request that the people's court nullify the decision.

第七十九條   建築物及其附屬設施的維修資金，屬於業主共有。經業主共同決定，可以用於電梯、水箱等共有部分的維修。維修資金的籌集、使用情況應當公布。

Article 79 Funds for maintaining a building and affiliated facilities thereof shall be co-owned by the owners of the building. The funds may, upon the codetermination of the owners, be used for maintaining common areas such as elevators and water tanks. The raising and use of maintenance funds shall be made public.

第八十條   建築物及其附屬設施的費用分攤、收益分配等事項，有約定的，按照約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按照業主專有部分占建築物總面積的比例確定。

Article 80 In the event of an agreement on matters such as expense allocation and proceeds distribution of a building or any of its auxiliary facilities, such agreement shall apply; in the absence of an agreement or such agreement is ambiguous, such matters shall be determined in accordance with the proportion of each owner's area to the total area of the building.

第八十一條   業主可以自行管理建築物及其附屬設施，也可以委托物業服務企業或者其他管理人管理。

Article 81 The owners of a building may manage the building and affiliated facilities thereof by themselves or they may entrust a realty service enterprise or any other manager to conduct the management.

對建設單位聘請的物業服務企業或者其他管理人，業主有權依法更換。

The owner shall have the right to replace the estate services enterprise or manager appointed by the developer pursuant to the law.

第八十二條   物業服務企業或者其他管理人根據業主的委托管理建築區劃內的建築物及其附屬設施，並接受業主的監督。

Article 82 In accordance with the owners' wishes, the property management service or any other manager shall provide management of the building and affiliated facilities thereof, and accept the owners' supervision.

第八十三條   業主應當遵守法律、法規以及管理規約。

Article 83 The owners shall comply with the laws, regulations and management stipulations.

業主大會和業主委員會，對任意棄置垃圾、排放汙染物或者噪聲、違反規定飼養動物、違章搭建、侵占通道、拒付物業費等損害他人合法權益的行為，有權依照法律、法規以及管理規約，要求行為人停止侵害、消除危險、排除妨害、賠償損失。業主對侵害自己合法權益的行為，可以依法向人民法院提起訴訟。

Where any act infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of other persons, such as the arbitrary disposal of waste, emission of pollutants or noise, keeping animals in violation of the provisions, illegally building shelters, occupying passageways or refusing to pay property management fees, etc, the owners' congress or the owners' committee has the right, in accordance with the laws, regulations and management stipulations, to request the cessation of the infringing act, removal of dangers and obstacles and compensation for any loss suffered. Where the legitimate rights and interests of an owner are infringed upon, the owner may file a lawsuit with a People's Court pursuant to the law.

第七章 相鄰關系

Chapter 7 Neighboring Relationships

第八十四條   不動產的相鄰權利人應當按照有利生產、方便生活、團結互助、公平合理的原則，正確處理相鄰關系。

Article 84 A neighboring rights holder of an immovable shall, in accordance with the principles of facilitating production and livelihood, solidarity and mutual assistance, fairness and equity, handle the neighboring relationship properly.

第八十五條   法律、法規對處理相鄰關系有規定的，依照其規定；法律、法規沒有規定的，可以按照當地習慣。

Article 85 Where the disposal of neighboring relations is provided in any law or regulation, such provision shall apply; where there is no such provision, local customs shall apply.

第八十六條   不動產權利人應當為相鄰權利人用水、排水提供必要的便利。

Article 86 A rights holder of an immovable shall provide holders of adjacent relation rights with the requisite convenience to the supply and drainage of water.

對自然流水的利用，應當在不動產的相鄰權利人之間合理分配。對自然流水的排放，應當尊重自然流向。

The neighboring right holders of an immovable shall rationally distribute the utilization of natural running water. The natural current direction shall be respected when draining natural running water.

第八十七條   不動產權利人對相鄰權利人因通行等必須利用其土地的，應當提供必要的便利。

Article 87 A rights holder of an immovable shall provide necessary convenience where a neighboring rights holder has to use the rights holder's land by virtue of passage or for any other reason.

第八十八條   不動產權利人因建造、修缮建築物以及鋪設電線、電纜、水管、暖氣和燃氣管線等必須利用相鄰土地、建築物的，該土地、建築物的權利人應當提供必要的便利。

Article 88 Where the rights holder of an immovable has to use a neighboring land or building by virtue of the construction or repairing of a building, or the laying of wires, cables, water pipes, heating pipelines or fuel gas pipelines, etc, necessary convenience shall be provided by the rights holder of such land or building.

第八十九條   建造建築物，不得違反國家有關工程建設標準，妨礙相鄰建築物的通風、采光和日照。

Article 89 The construction of a building shall not violate the relevant engineering construction standards of the State or obstruct ventilation, lighting and sunlight of adjacent buildings.

第九十條   不動產權利人不得違反國家規定棄置固體廢物，排放大氣汙染物、水汙染物、噪聲、光、電磁波輻射等有害物質。

Article 90 No holder of realty may discard solid wastes or discharge such harmful substances as atmospheric pollutants, water pollutants, noise, light and electromagnetic radiation in violation of the related provisions of the state.

第九十一條   不動產權利人挖掘土地、建造建築物、鋪設管線以及安裝設備等，不得危及相鄰不動產的安全。

Article 91 The right holder of an immovable may not endanger the safety of any neighboring immovable when excavating land, constructing a building, laying a pipeline or installing equipment.

第九十二條   不動產權利人因用水、排水、通行、鋪設管線等利用相鄰不動產的，應當盡量避免對相鄰的不動產權利人造成損害；造成損害的，應當給予賠償。

Article 92 Where the right holder of an immovable has to use a neighboring immovable for the purpose of using water, drainage, passage or laying pipelines, etc, he shall make efforts to avoid causing damages to the right holder of the neighboring immovable; in case any damage is caused, he shall make compensation.

第八章 共 有

Chapter 8 Jointly Owned

第九十三條   不動產或者動產可以由兩個以上單位、個人共有。共有包括按份共有和共同共有。

Article 93 An immovable or movable may be jointly owned by two or more entities or individuals. Joint ownership includes several co-ownership and joint co-ownership.

第九十四條   按份共有人對共有的不動產或者動產按照其份額享有所有權。

Article 94 Each co-owner by shares shall have the ownership of each co-owned realty or chattel in proportion to his share of the realty or chattel.

第九十五條   共同共有人對共有的不動產或者動產共同享有所有權。

Article 95 As regards a commonly owned realty or chattel, a joint owner shall, on a common basis, enjoy the ownership of the realty or chattel.

第九十六條   共有人按照約定管理共有的不動產或者動產；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，各共有人都有管理的權利和義務。

Article 96 The co-owners shall manage the commonly owned realty or chattel in accordance with stipulations; in the case of no or unclear stipulations, all co-owners have the right and obligation of management.

第九十七條   處分共有的不動產或者動產以及對共有的不動產或者動產作重大修缮的，應當經占份額三分之二以上的按份共有人或者全體共同共有人同意，但共有人之間另有約定的除外。

Article 97 As regards the disposal or major repair of a commonly owned realty or chattel, unless it is otherwise stipulated by the co-owners, the consent of the several co-owners holding 2/3 shares or all joint owners shall be obtained.

第九十八條   對共有物的管理費用以及其他負擔，有約定的，按照約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按份共有人按照其份額負擔，共同共有人共同負擔。

Article 98 As regards the management expenses or any other liabilities of a commonly owned res, in case there exists any stipulation on these, such stipulation shall apply; in the case of no or unclear stipulation, the expenses shall be assumed by the several co-owners in accordance with their respective shares or commonly assumed by all joint co-owners.

第九十九條   共有人約定不得分割共有的不動產或者動產，以維持共有關系的，應當按照約定，但共有人有重大理由需要分割的，可以請求分割；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按份共有人可以隨時請求分割，共同共有人在共有的基礎喪失或者有重大理由需要分割時可以請求分割。因分割對其他共有人造成損害的，應當給予賠償。

Article 99 Where the co-owners of a co-owned immovable or movable have agreed not to partition the immovable or movable so as to maintain the relationship of co-ownership, such agreement shall apply; but where any co-owner has significant reasons for partitioning the immovable or movable, the partition may be requested; in the case of no or unclear agreement, a divided co-owner may request the partition at any time, and a joint co-owner may request the partition when the basis for co-ownership no longer exists or there are significant reasons for the partition. Compensation shall be made where a division results in damage to other joint owners.

第一百條   共有人可以協商確定分割方式。達不成協議，共有的不動產或者動產可以分割並且不會因分割減損價值的，應當對實物予以分割；難以分割或者因分割會減損價值的，應當對折價或者拍賣、變賣取得的價款予以分割。

Article 100 The co-owners of a commonly owned realty or chattel may decide on through negotiation the way of partition. Where no agreement is reached, the jointly owned immovable property or movable property may be divided with no reduction in value, the physical property shall be divided; where it is difficult to divide the physical property or a division will reduce its value, the proceeds from a discounting, auction or sale shall be divided.

共有人分割所得的不動產或者動產有瑕疵的，其他共有人應當分擔損失。

Where there is any defect in an immovable or movable obtained from the partition by the co-owners, the other co-owners shall share the loss.

第一百零一條   按份共有人可以轉讓其享有的共有的不動產或者動產份額。其他共有人在同等條件下享有優先購買的權利。

Article 101 A divided co-owner may transfer his share of a co-owned immovable or movable. The other co-owners shall have the right of first refusal under the same conditions.

第一百零二條   因共有的不動產或者動產產生的債權債務，在對外關系上，共有人享有連帶債權、承擔連帶債務，但法律另有規定或者第三人知道共有人不具有連帶債權債務關系的除外；在共有人內部關系上，除共有人另有約定外，按份共有人按照份額享有債權、承擔債務，共同共有人共同享有債權、承擔債務。償還債務超過自己應當承擔份額的按份共有人，有權向其他共有人追償。

Article 102 As regards an obligee's right or a debt generated from a commonly owned realty or chattel, unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law or the third party is aware of the fact that the co-owner does not have the relationship of joint and several creditor's right or debt, a co-owner shall enjoy joint and several creditor's right or undertake joint and several debt in terms of external relationship. In terms of an internal relationship among the co-owners, unless it is otherwise stipulated by the co-owners, a divided co-owner shall enjoy the creditor's right or undertake the debt on the basis of his own share, while joint co-owners shall enjoy the creditor's right or undertake the debt on a common basis. In case any several co-owner overpays his share of the liabilities, he has the right to recover the overpaid amount from the other co-owners.

第一百零三條   共有人對共有的不動產或者動產沒有約定為按份共有或者共同共有，或者約定不明確的，除共有人具有家庭關系等外，視為按份共有。

Article 103 Where there is no agreement on whether the co-owned immovable or movable is under divided co-ownership or joint co-ownership or such agreement is unclear, it shall be deemed as a divided co-ownership unless a family relationship exists between the co-owners.

第一百零四條   按份共有人對共有的不動產或者動產享有的份額，沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按照出資額確定；不能確定出資額的，視為等額享有。

Article 104 A divided co-owner's share of a commonly owned immovable or movable shall be determined according to his amount of capital contribution in the case of no agreement or unclear agreement. Where it is impossible to determine the amount of capital contribution, each divided co-owner shall enjoy an equal share.

第一百零五條   兩個以上單位、個人共同享有用益物權、擔保物權的，參照本章規定。

Article 105 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply as reference to usufructuary rights and security interests jointly owned by two or more organisations or individuals.

第九章 所有權取得的特別規定

Chapter 9 Special Provisions for Acquisition of Ownership

第一百零六條   無處分權人將不動產或者動產轉讓給受讓人的，所有權人有權追回；除法律另有規定外，符合下列情形的，受讓人取得該不動產或者動產的所有權：

Article 106 Where a person without the disposal right of an immovable or movable transfers the immovable or movable to an assignee, the owner is entitled to the recovery of the immovable or movable. Unless otherwise prescribed by law, the assignee shall obtain the ownership of the immovable or movable if all of the following conditions are met:

（一）受讓人受讓該不動產或者動產時是善意的；

1. The assignee accepts the immovable or movable in good faith;

（二）以合理的價格轉讓；

2. The assignment at a reasonable price;

（三）轉讓的不動產或者動產依照法律規定應當登記的已經登記，不需要登記的已經交付給受讓人。

(III) The transferred immovable or movable for which registration is required by law has been registered. Where registration is not required, the immovable or movable has been delivered to the assignee.

受讓人依照前款規定取得不動產或者動產的所有權的，原所有權人有權向無處分權人請求賠償損失。

Where an assignee obtains the ownership of an immovable or movable in accordance with the preceding paragraph, the original owner may request the person without disposal rights of the immovable or movable to compensate for his losses.

當事人善意取得其他物權的，參照前兩款規定。

In case a related party obtains any other form of real right in good faith, the preceding two paragraphs shall apply as reference.

第一百零七條   所有權人或者其他權利人有權追回遺失物。該遺失物通過轉讓被他人占有的，權利人有權向無處分權人請求損害賠償，或者自知道或者應當知道受讓人之日起二年內向受讓人請求返還原物，但受讓人通過拍賣或者向具有經營資格的經營者購得該遺失物的，權利人請求返還原物時應當支付受讓人所付的費用。權利人向受讓人支付所付費用後，有權向無處分權人追償。

Article 107 An owner or any other rights holder has the right to recover a lost property. In case the lost property is possessed by any other person through alienation, the owner has the right to require the person unauthorized to dispose of the property to compensate for damages, or, ask the assignee to return the original property within 2 years as of the date when he knows about or should know the assignee. However, if the assignee purchases the lost property through auction or from a qualified operator, the holder shall, when requiring the return of the original property, pay the assignee the amount that the assignee has paid for purchasing the property. Upon payment to the assignee of the amount paid, the right of recourse against the person without disposal rights.

第一百零八條   善意受讓人取得動產後，該動產上的原有權利消滅，但善意受讓人在受讓時知道或者應當知道該權利的除外。

Article 108 After a bona fide assignee obtains a realty, the original rights on the realty shall be terminated, unless the bona fide assignee has already known or should have known the rights when the transfer is made.

第一百零九條   拾得遺失物，應當返還權利人。拾得人應當及時通知權利人領取，或者送交公安等有關部門。

Article 109 Lost property which is found shall be returned to the rights holder. The person finding such object shall inform the right holder to claim the object or hand it over to such related departments as the public security department in time.

第一百一十條   有關部門收到遺失物，知道權利人的，應當及時通知其領取；不知道的，應當及時發布招領公告。

Article 110 Upon receipt of lost property, the relevant authorities shall notify the rights holder promptly to collect the lost property; where the rights holder is not aware, a public announcement shall be promptly made.

第一百一十一條   拾得人在遺失物送交有關部門前，有關部門在遺失物被領取前，應當妥善保管遺失物。因故意或者重大過失致使遺失物毀損、滅失的，應當承擔民事責任。

Article 111 The person who finds the object shall properly keep it before it is handed over to the related department, and the related department shall do so before it is claimed by the right. Civil liability shall be borne where the lost property is damaged or lost as a result of wilful misconduct or gross negligence.

第一百一十二條   權利人領取遺失物時，應當向拾得人或者有關部門支付保管遺失物等支出的必要費用。

Article 112 The rights holder of the property, when claiming a lost property, shall pay the finder or the related department the expenses incurred from the safekeeping of the property.

權利人懸賞尋找遺失物的，領取遺失物時應當按照承諾履行義務。

Where a right holder has offered a reward for finding the object, he shall fulfill his obligation of granting the reward when claiming the object.

拾得人侵占遺失物的，無權請求保管遺失物等支出的費用，也無權請求權利人按照承諾履行義務。

Where the person who finds the property misappropriates the property, he shall be deprived of the right to claim payment for expenses incurred for safekeeping the property or demand the rights holder to perform his obligation as promised.

第一百一十三條   遺失物自發布招領公告之日起六個月內無人認領的，歸國家所有。

Article 113 Lost property that is not collected within six months from the date of the public announcement for collection shall belong to the State.

第一百一十四條   拾得漂流物、發現埋藏物或者隱藏物的，參照拾得遺失物的有關規定。文物保護法等法律另有規定的，依照其規定。

Article 114 Where property is found drifting, buried or hidden, reference shall be made to the relevant provisions on lost and found property. Where laws such as the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics provide otherwise, such provisions shall prevail.

第一百一十五條   主物轉讓的，從物隨主物轉讓，但當事人另有約定的除外。

Article 115 Unless otherwise agreed between the parties concerned, the auxiliary properties shall be transferred together with the principal property.

第一百一十六條   天然孳息，由所有權人取得；既有所有權人又有用益物權人的，由用益物權人取得。當事人另有約定的，按照約定。

Article 116 The owner shall be entitled to natural fruits of the property. Where there are both an owner and a usufructuary right holder, the usufructuary right holder shall be entitled to the natural fruits of the property. Where the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail.

法定孳息，當事人有約定的，按照約定取得；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按照交易習慣取得。

Where there is an agreement between the parties on statutory fruits, the statutory fruits shall be obtained in accordance with the agreement; where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, statutory fruits shall be obtained in accordance with transaction practices.

第三編 用益物權

Part III Usufruct

第十章 一般規定

Chapter 10 General Provisions

第一百一十七條   用益物權人對他人所有的不動產或者動產，依法享有占有、使用和收益的權利。

Article 117 A usufructuary right holder is entitled to the possession, use and benefit from the immovable or movable owned by others in accordance with the law.

第一百一十八條   國家所有或者國家所有由集體使用以及法律規定屬於集體所有的自然資源，單位、個人依法可以占有、使用和收益。

Article 118 For natural resources that are owned by the State or owned by the State but used by a collective or owned by a collective as prescribed by law, an entity or individual may possess, use and seek profit from them in accordance with the law.

第一百一十九條   國家實行自然資源有償使用制度，但法律另有規定的除外。

Article 119 Unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law, the state adopts the system of paid use of natural resources.

第一百二十條   用益物權人行使權利，應當遵守法律有關保護和合理開發利用資源的規定。所有權人不得幹涉用益物權人行使權利。

Article 120 When exercising his rights, a usufructuary right holder shall comply with the legal provisions on protecting, reasonably exploiting and utilizing resources. When the usufructuary right holder exercises his right, the owner may not interfere.

第一百二十一條   因不動產或者動產被征收、征用致使用益物權消滅或者影響用益物權行使的，用益物權人有權依照本法第四十二條、第四十四條的規定獲得相應補償。

Article 121 Where expropriation of an immovable or movable results in extinguishment of usufructuary rights or affects exercise of usufructuary rights, a usufructuary right holder shall have the right to obtain the corresponding compensation pursuant to the provisions of Article 42 and Article 44.

第一百二十二條   依法取得的海域使用權受法律保護。

Article 122 The lawfully obtained right to use sea areas shall be protected by law.

第一百二十三條   依法取得的探礦權、采礦權、取水權和使用水域、灘塗從事養殖、捕撈的權利受法律保護。

Article 123 The mineral exploration right, mining right, water drawing right and the right to use water areas or tidal flats for breeding or fishery shall be protected by law.

第十一章 土地承包經營權

Chapter 11 Right to Land Contractual Management

第一百二十四條   農村集體經濟組織實行家庭承包經營為基礎、統分結合的雙層經營體制。

Article 124 The rural collective economic organizations apply the dual operation system characterized by the combination of centralized operation with decentralized operation on the basis of household contract operation.

農民集體所有和國家所有由農民集體使用的耕地、林地、草地以及其他用於農業的土地，依法實行土地承包經營制度。

As regards the cultivated land, wood land, grassland, and other land for agricultural use that are owned by farmer collectives as well as those that are owned by the state and used by farmer collectives, the system of land contractual management shall be adopted.

第一百二十五條   土地承包經營權人依法對其承包經營的耕地、林地、草地等享有占有、使用和收益的權利，有權從事種植業、林業、畜牧業等農業生產。

Article 125 A holder of rights to contractual land operations shall, pursuant to the law, have the right to possess, use and benefit from arable land, forest land, grassland, etc under contractual operations, and have the right to engage in agricultural production such as planting, forestry, husbandry, etc.

第一百二十六條   耕地的承包期為三十年。草地的承包期為三十年至五十年。林地的承包期為三十年至七十年；特殊林木的林地承包期，經國務院林業行政主管部門批準可以延長。

Article 126 The contractual term for arable land shall be 30 years. The contractual term for grassland shall be 30 up to 50 years. The term of contract for forestland ranges from 30 to 70 years; the term of contract for forestland with special trees may, upon approval by the competent administrative department for forestry under the State Council, be extended.

前款規定的承包期屆滿，由土地承包經營權人按照國家有關規定繼續承包。

Upon expiry of the contractual period stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the holder of rights to contractual land operations may continue contractual operations pursuant to the relevant provisions of the State.

第一百二十七條   土地承包經營權自土地承包經營權合同生效時設立。

Article 127 Rights to contractual land operations shall be created from the effective date of the contract for contractual land operations.

縣級以上地方人民政府應當向土地承包經營權人發放土地承包經營權證、林權證、草原使用權證，並登記造冊，確認土地承包經營權。

The local people's government at the county level or above shall issue a certificate of the right to the contracted management of land, a forestry right certificate or a grassland use right certificate to the holder, register it in the brochure so as to confirm such rights.

第一百二十八條   土地承包經營權人依照農村土地承包法的規定，有權將土地承包經營權采取轉包、互換、轉讓等方式流轉。流轉的期限不得超過承包期的剩餘期限。未經依法批準，不得將承包地用於非農建設。

Article 128 A holder of rights to contractual land operations shall, pursuant to the provisions of rural land contract law, have the right to circulate the contractual land operations through subcontract, exchange or transfer etc. The circulated term may not be more than the remnant term of the original contract. Any contracted land may not be used for non-agricultural development without approval.

第一百二十九條   土地承包經營權人將土地承包經營權互換、轉讓，當事人要求登記的，應當向縣級以上地方人民政府申請土地承包經營權變更登記；未經登記，不得對抗善意第三人。

Article 129 Where a holder of rights to contractual land operations exchanges or assigns the rights, the parties shall, if they so require, apply to the People's Government of county level and above for change of registration of rights to contractual land operations; no claims shall be made against a bona fide third party if registration is not completed.

第一百三十條   承包期內發包人不得調整承包地。

Article 130 The party awarding the contract may not adjust the contracted land within the contract period.

因自然災害嚴重毀損承包地等特殊情形，需要適當調整承包的耕地和草地的，應當依照農村土地承包法等法律規定辦理。

Where appropriate adjustments need to be made to the contracted arable land or grassland due to special circumstances such as serious damage to the contracted land caused by a natural disaster, etc, the matter shall be dealt with pursuant to the provisions of the rural land contract law, etc.

第一百三十一條   承包期內發包人不得收回承包地。農村土地承包法等法律另有規定的，依照其規定。

Article 131 The party awarding the contract shall not take back the contracted land during the contract period. Where the rural land contract law and other laws provide to the contrary, such provisions shall prevail.

第一百三十二條   承包地被征收的，土地承包經營權人有權依照本法第四十二條第二款的規定獲得相應補償。

Article 132 In the event of expropriation of contracted land, the holder of rights to contractual land operations shall have the right to obtain the corresponding compensation pursuant to the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 42.

第一百三十三條   通過招標、拍賣、公開協商等方式承包荒地等農村土地，依照農村土地承包法等法律和國務院的有關規定，其土地承包經營權可以轉讓、入股、抵押或者以其他方式流轉。

Article 133 Where such rural land as wasteland is contracted through bid invitation, auction or public consultation, the right to land contractual management may, in accordance with the Law on Land Contract in Rural Areas and other laws and the relevant provisions of the State Council, be circulated through transfer, pooling of shares, mortgage or other means.

第一百三十四條   國家所有的農用地實行承包經營的，參照本法的有關規定。

Article 134 In case the contracted management is conducted over any state-owned farmland, the related provisions in the present Law shall apply by analogy.

第十二章 建設用地使用權

Chapter 12 Construction Land Use Rights

第一百三十五條   建設用地使用權人依法對國家所有的土地享有占有、使用和收益的權利，有權利用該土地建造建築物、構築物及其附屬設施。

Article 135 A holder of rights to use construction land shall have the right to possess, use and benefit from land owned by the State pursuant to the law, and have the right to use the land for construction of buildings, structures and auxiliary facilities.

第一百三十六條   建設用地使用權可以在土地的地表、地上或者地下分別設立。新設立的建設用地使用權，不得損害已設立的用益物權。

Article 136 The right to use construction land may be created separately on the surface of or above or under the land. Newly created rights to use construction land must not infringe any existing usufructuary rights.

第一百三十七條   設立建設用地使用權，可以采取出讓或者劃撥等方式。

Article 137 Construction land use rights may be created through assignment or allotment, etc.

工業、商業、旅遊、娛樂和商品住宅等經營性用地以及同一土地有兩個以上意向用地者的，應當采取招標、拍賣等公開競價的方式出讓。

As regards the land used for purposes of industry, commerce, entertainment or commercial dwelling houses, etc. as well as the land with two or more intended users, the alienation thereof shall adopt such means as auction, bid invitation or any other public bidding method.

嚴格限制以劃撥方式設立建設用地使用權。采取劃撥方式的，應當遵守法律、行政法規關於土地用途的規定。

The creation of construction land use rights through allotment is strictly restricted. Where allotment is adopted, the provisions on land use in the laws and administrative regulations shall be observed.

第一百三十八條   采取招標、拍賣、協議等出讓方式設立建設用地使用權的，當事人應當采取書面形式訂立建設用地使用權出讓合同。

Article 138 Where construction land use rights are created through invitation to tender, auction or agreement, etc., the parties concerned shall enter into a written construction land use rights assignment contract.

建設用地使用權出讓合同一般包括下列條款：

A contract on the transfer of construction land use rights shall generally contain the following items:

（一）當事人的名稱和住所；

1. The names and addresses of the parties;

（二）土地界址、面積等；

2. Boundaries and area, etc. of the land;

（三）建築物、構築物及其附屬設施占用的空間；

(III) space to be occupied by buildings, constructions and auxiliary facilities thereof;

（四）土地用途；

(IV) the purpose of land use;

（五）使用期限；

(V) usage period;

（六）出讓金等費用及其支付方式；

(VI) The grant fees and other fees as well as payment methods; and

（七）解決爭議的方法。

(VII) dispute resolution.

第一百三十九條   設立建設用地使用權的，應當向登記機構申請建設用地使用權登記。建設用地使用權自登記時設立。登記機構應當向建設用地使用權人發放建設用地使用權證書。

Article 139 Registration of construction land use rights shall be completed with the registrar for creation of construction land use rights. Construction land use rights shall be established at the time of registration. A certificate on the right to use construction land shall be issued by the registration organ to the holder of the right to use construction land.

第一百四十條   建設用地使用權人應當合理利用土地，不得改變土地用途；需要改變土地用途的，應當依法經有關行政主管部門批準。

Article 140 The holder of the right to use construction land shall reasonably use the land and may not alter the purpose of land use. Where the purpose of land use needs to be altered, the approval of the relevant administrative department shall be obtained.

第一百四十一條   建設用地使用權人應當依照法律規定以及合同約定支付出讓金等費用。

Article 141 The holder of rights to construction land use shall pay assignment fees and other fees pursuant to the provisions of the law and the contract.

第一百四十二條   建設用地使用權人建造的建築物、構築物及其附屬設施的所有權屬於建設用地使用權人，但有相反證據證明的除外。

Article 142 Unless there is evidence to the contrary, the ownership to buildings, structures and auxiliary facilities constructed by a holder of rights to construction land use shall belong to the holder of rights to construction land use.

第一百四十三條   建設用地使用權人有權將建設用地使用權轉讓、互換、出資、贈與或者抵押，但法律另有規定的除外。

Article 143 Unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law, the holder of construction land use rights has the right to transfer, exchange, use as equity contributions, endow or mortgage the construction land use rights.

第一百四十四條   建設用地使用權轉讓、互換、出資、贈與或者抵押的，當事人應當采取書面形式訂立相應的合同。使用期限由當事人約定，但不得超過建設用地使用權的剩餘期限。

Article 144 A written contract must be concluded by the parties for any transfer, exchange, contribution as capital, donation or mortgage of the rights to construction land use. The parties concerned may agree on the use term, which shall not exceed the remaining term of the rights to construction land use.

第一百四十五條   建設用地使用權轉讓、互換、出資或者贈與的，應當向登記機構申請變更登記。

Article 145 An application for change registration shall be submitted to the registration authority for transfer, exchange, use as equity contribution, endowment, or mortgage of construction land use rights.

第一百四十六條   建設用地使用權轉讓、互換、出資或者贈與的，附著於該土地上的建築物、構築物及其附屬設施一並處分。

Article 146 When alienating, exchanging, using as equity contribution, endowing, or mortgaging the right to use construction land, the buildings, fixtures and affiliated facilities thereof on such land shall be disposed of simultaneously.

第一百四十七條   建築物、構築物及其附屬設施轉讓、互換、出資或者贈與的，該建築物、構築物及其附屬設施占用範圍內的建設用地使用權一並處分。

Article 147 Where buildings, structures and auxiliary facilities are transferred, exchanged, contributed as capital or donated, the rights to construction land use occupied by the buildings, structures and auxiliary facilities shall be disposed of simultaneously.

第一百四十八條   建設用地使用權期間屆滿前，因公共利益需要提前收回該土地的，應當依照本法第四十二條的規定對該土地上的房屋及其他不動產給予補償，並退還相應的出讓金。

Article 148 Before the term of the right to use construction land expires, where it is necessary to take back the land in advance by virtue of public interests, compensations shall, according to Article 42 of this Law, be given to the houses and other realties on such land, and the corresponding land assignment fees shall be returned back.

第一百四十九條   住宅建設用地使用權期間屆滿的，自動續期。

Article 149 Construction land use rights for residential property shall be renewed automatically upon expiry of term.

非住宅建設用地使用權期間屆滿後的續期，依照法律規定辦理。該土地上的房屋及其他不動產的歸屬，有約定的，按照約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，依照法律、行政法規的規定辦理。

The rights to construction land use for non-residential property shall be renewed pursuant to the provisions of the law upon expiry. In case there exists any stipulation on the ownership of houses and other realties on the land, such stipulation shall apply; in the case of no or unclear such stipulation, the ownership shall be determined in accordance with the provisions in the laws and administrative regulations.

第一百五十條   建設用地使用權消滅的，出讓人應當及時辦理注銷登記。登記機構應當收回建設用地使用權證書。

Article 150 Upon extinguishment of construction land use rights, the assignor shall promptly complete deregistration formalities. The registration authority shall repossess the certificate of rights to construction land use.

第一百五十一條   集體所有的土地作為建設用地的，應當依照土地管理法等法律規定辦理。

Article 151. Where collectively owned land is used for construction purposes, it shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of the Land Management Law and other relevant laws.

第十三章 宅基地使用權

Chapter 13 Right to Use House Sites

第一百五十二條   宅基地使用權人依法對集體所有的土地享有占有和使用的權利，有權依法利用該土地建造住宅及其附屬設施。

Article 152 A holder of rights to use residential land shall have the right to possess and use collectively-owned land pursuant to the law, and have the right to construct residential property and auxiliary facilities using the land pursuant to the law.

第一百五十三條   宅基地使用權的取得、行使和轉讓，適用土地管理法等法律和國家有關規定。

Article 153 The relevant provisions of the Land Administration Law and the State shall apply to the attainment, exercise and transfer of the rights to use residential land.

第一百五十四條   宅基地因自然災害等原因滅失的，宅基地使用權消滅。對失去宅基地的村民，應當重新分配宅基地。

Article 154 The right to use house site shall be terminated where a house site is terminated by virtue of any natural disaster, etc.. A new residential site shall be allocated to villagers affected by the loss of a residential site.

第一百五十五條   已經登記的宅基地使用權轉讓或者消滅的，應當及時辦理變更登記或者注銷登記。

Article 155 Change registration or de-registration formalities shall be promptly completed for any transfer or extinguishment of registered rights to use residential land.

第十四章 地役權

Chapter 14 Easement

第一百五十六條   地役權人有權按照合同約定，利用他人的不動產,以提高自己的不動產的效益。

Article 156 An easement holder shall, according to the contract, be entitled to utilize the realty of someone else so as to enhance the efficiency of his own realty.

前款所稱他人的不動產為供役地，自己的不動產為需役地。

The term "realty of someone else" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be the servient tenement, and "one's own realty" shall be the dominant tenement.

第一百五十七條   設立地役權，當事人應當采取書面形式訂立地役權合同。

Article 157 For establishing an easement, the parties concerned shall enter into a written contract.

地役權合同一般包括下列條款：

In general, an easement contract shall contain the items as follows:

（一）當事人的姓名或者名稱和住所；

1. names or titles and domiciles of the Parties concerned;

（二）供役地和需役地的位置；

(II) Locations of servient tenement and dominant tenement;

（三）利用目的和方法；

(III) purposes and methods of use;

（四）利用期限；

(IV) utilization period;

（五）費用及其支付方式；

(V) fees and payment method; and

（六）解決爭議的方法。

(VI) dispute resolution.

第一百五十八條   地役權自地役權合同生效時設立。當事人要求登記的，可以向登記機構申請地役權登記；未經登記，不得對抗善意第三人。

Article 158 The easement shall be established since the easement contract comes into effect. Where the related parties require the registration of easement, they may apply to the registrar; without registration, they may not challenge any bona fide third party.

第一百五十九條   供役地權利人應當按照合同約定，允許地役權人利用其土地，不得妨害地役權人行使權利。

Article 159 The holder of subservient tenement shall allow an easement holder to use his land in accordance with the contract, and may not impede the easement holder from exercising his rights.

第一百六十條   地役權人應當按照合同約定的利用目的和方法利用供役地，盡量減少對供役地權利人物權的限制。

Article 160 An easement holder shall, according to the purpose and method of use as stipulated in the contract, use the servient tenement, and make efforts to reduce the real right restrictions on the holder of the servient tenement.

第一百六十一條   地役權的期限由當事人約定，但不得超過土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權等用益物權的剩餘期限。

Article 161 The easement term shall be stipulated by the related parties, however, it may not exceed the residual term of such usufructuary rights as the right to the contracted management of land, the right to use construction land, etc.

第一百六十二條   土地所有權人享有地役權或者負擔地役權的，設立土地承包經營權、宅基地使用權時，該土地承包經營權人、宅基地使用權人繼續享有或者負擔已設立的地役權。

Article 162 As regards the easement enjoyed or assumed by a land owner, where the right to the contracted management of land or the right to use house site is created, holders of such rights may continuously enjoy or assume such established easement.

第一百六十三條   土地上已設立土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權、宅基地使用權等權利的，未經用益物權人同意，土地所有權人不得設立地役權。

Article 163 Where any such usufructuary right as the right to the contracted management of land, the right to use house site, etc on the land has been established, the land owner may, without consent of the aforesaid usufructuary right holder, not establish any easement.

第一百六十四條   地役權不得單獨轉讓。土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權等轉讓的，地役權一並轉讓，但合同另有約定的除外。

Article 164 An easement may not be separately transferred. Unless the contract provides to the contrary, an easement shall be transferred together with the transfer of rights to contractual land use or rights to the use of construction land.

第一百六十五條   地役權不得單獨抵押。土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權等抵押的，在實現抵押權時，地役權一並轉讓。

Article 165 An easement may not be solely mortgaged. Where rights to contractual land operations or rights to the use of construction land are mortgaged, any rights of easement shall be transferred upon the realisation of the mortgage.

第一百六十六條   需役地以及需役地上的土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權部分轉讓時，轉讓部分涉及地役權的，受讓人同時享有地役權。

Article 166 Where a dominant tenement and rights to contractual land operations or rights to the use of construction land thereon are partially transferred, the transferee shall enjoy easement where the easement is involved in the transferred property.

第一百六十七條   供役地以及供役地上的土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權部分轉讓時，轉讓部分涉及地役權的，地役權對受讓人具有約束力。

Article 167 Where a servient tenement and rights to contractual land operations or rights to the use of construction land thereon are partially transferred, and the partial transfer involves an easement, the easement shall be binding on the assignee.

第一百六十八條   地役權人有下列情形之一的，供役地權利人有權解除地役權合同，地役權消滅：

Article 168 The holder of the servient tenement has the right to rescind the easement contract in case an easement holder is under any of the following circumstances, and the easement shall be terminated:

（一）違反法律規定或者合同約定，濫用地役權；

1. Misuse easement in violation of law or the contract; or

（二）有償利用供役地，約定的付款期間屆滿後在合理期限內經兩次催告未支付費用。

(II) as regards the paid use of servient tenement, upon expiration of the stipulated time limit for payment, failing to pay fees within a reasonable period for two times after being urged to do so.

第一百六十九條   已經登記的地役權變更、轉讓或者消滅的，應當及時辦理變更登記或者注銷登記。

Article 169 Change registration or de-registration formalities shall be promptly completed for any change, transfer or extinguishment of a registered easement.

第四編 擔保物權

PART IV SECURITY INTERESTS

第十五章 一般規定

Chapter 15 General Provisions

第一百七十條   擔保物權人在債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現擔保物權的情形，依法享有就擔保財產優先受償的權利，但法律另有規定的除外。

Article 170 Where the obligor fails to pay its due debts or any circumstance for realizing real rights for security as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs, the holder of real rights for security shall enjoy preferred payments from the property for security, unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law.

第一百七十一條   債權人在借貸、買賣等民事活動中，為保障實現其債權，需要擔保的，可以依照本法和其他法律的規定設立擔保物權。

Article 171 In civil activities such as loans and sales, where security is required to ensure the realization of creditors' rights, a security interest may be created in accordance with this Law and other laws.

第三人為債務人向債權人提供擔保的，可以要求債務人提供反擔保。反擔保適用本法和其他法律的規定。

Where a third party provides security to the creditor for a debtor, the third party may require the debtor to provide counter-security. The countersecurity shall be pursuant to the present Law and other related laws.

第一百七十二條   設立擔保物權，應當依照本法和其他法律的規定訂立擔保合同。擔保合同是主債權債務合同的從合同。主債權債務合同無效，擔保合同無效，但法律另有規定的除外。

Article 172 For establishing real rights for security, a security contract shall be entered into in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other laws. A security contract shall be a subordinate one to the principal contract. Unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law, the security contract shall be invalid when the principal contract is invalid.

擔保合同被確認無效後，債務人、擔保人、債權人有過錯的，應當根據其過錯各自承擔相應的民事責任。

Where a security contract is confirmed to be void and the debtor, security provider or creditor is at fault, they shall bear their respective civil liability according to their respective fault.

第一百七十三條   擔保物權的擔保範圍包括主債權及其利息、違約金、損害賠償金、保管擔保財產和實現擔保物權的費用。當事人另有約定的，按照約定。

Article 173 The scope of security interests shall include the main creditor's rights and interest, default penalty, compensation for damages, and the expenses for safekeeping of collateral and realisation of security interests. Where the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail.

第一百七十四條   擔保期間，擔保財產毀損、滅失或者被征收等，擔保物權人可以就獲得的保險金、賠償金或者補償金等優先受償。被擔保債權的履行期未屆滿的，也可以提存該保險金、賠償金或者補償金等。

Article 174 Where property under a security interest is damaged, lost or expropriated during the term of the security interest, the holder of the security interest may seek preferential payments in respect of the insurance money, damages or indemnities, etc. received. If the term for performing the obligee's rights as secured has not expired, such insurance money, damages or indemnities, etc. may be submitted to a competent authority for safekeeping.

第一百七十五條   第三人提供擔保，未經其書面同意，債權人允許債務人轉移全部或者部分債務的，擔保人不再承擔相應的擔保責任。

Article 175 Where a guarantee is provided by a third party, and the creditor allows the debtor to transfer all or part of the debt without the written consent of the guarantor, the guarantor shall not be liable for the corresponding guarantee.

第一百七十六條   被擔保的債權既有物的擔保又有人的擔保的，債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現擔保物權的情形，債權人應當按照約定實現債權；沒有約定或者約定不明確，債務人自己提供物的擔保的，債權人應當先就該物的擔保實現債權；第三人提供物的擔保的，債權人可以就物的擔保實現債權，也可以要求保證人承擔保證責任。提供擔保的第三人承擔擔保責任後，有權向債務人追償。

Article 176 Where a secured creditor's rights are secured by property and a guarantor, the creditor shall realise creditor's rights pursuant to the agreement when the debtor defaults on its debt obligations or where circumstances for the realisation of the security interest agreed by the parties has occurred; where no agreement exists or the agreement is ambiguous, and the debtor has provided security in the form of property by itself, the creditor shall realise creditor's rights by way of the security in the said property first; where security in the form of property is provided by a third party, the creditor may realise creditor's rights by way of security in the form of property or request the guarantor to bear guarantee liability. After assuming the guarantee liability, the third party has the right to seek recourse against the debtor.

第一百七十七條   有下列情形之一的，擔保物權消滅：

Article 177 Real rights for security may be terminated under any of the following circumstances:

（一）主債權消滅；

1. The principal obligee's rights are terminated;

（二）擔保物權實現；

2. real rights for security have been realized;

（三）債權人放棄擔保物權；

3. The obligee waives the real rights for security; or

（四）法律規定擔保物權消滅的其他情形。

(IV) Any other circumstance under which the real rights for security will be terminated as provided for by any law.

第一百七十八條   擔保法與本法的規定不一致的，適用本法。

Article 178 Where any provision in the Security Law conflicts with that of the present Law, the latter shall prevail.

第十六章 抵押權

Chapter 16 Mortgage Right

第一節 一般抵押權

Section 1 General Mortgage Right

第一百七十九條   為擔保債務的履行，債務人或者第三人不轉移財產的占有，將該財產抵押給債權人的，債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形，債權人有權就該財產優先受償。

Article 179 Where an obligor or third party mortgages his properties to the obligee without transferring the possession of such properties for the purpose of guaranteeing the payment of debts, if the obligor fails to pay due debts or any circumstance as stipulated by the parties concerned for realizing the mortgage right occurs, the obligee has the right to seek preferred payments from such properties.

前款規定的債務人或者第三人為抵押人，債權人為抵押權人，提供擔保的財產為抵押財產。

The debtor or third party referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be the mortgagor; the creditor shall be the mortgagee and the property provided as a guarantee shall be the mortgaged property.

第一百八十條   債務人或者第三人有權處分的下列財產可以抵押：

Article 180 A mortgage may be established on the following properties of which the obligor or third party has the right of disposal:

（一）建築物和其他土地附著物；

1. Buildings and other objects attached to the land;

（二）建設用地使用權；

2. the right to use construction land;

（三）以招標、拍賣、公開協商等方式取得的荒地等土地承包經營權；

(III) the right to contractual management of such land as barren land, etc. that is acquired through bid invitation, auction and public consultation, etc.;

（四）生產設備、原材料、半成品、產品；

(IV) manufacturing facilities, raw materials, semi-manufactured goods and finished products;

（五）正在建造的建築物、船舶、航空器；

(V) Buildings, vessels and aircraft under construction;

（六）交通運輸工具；

(VI) transportation vehicles;

（七）法律、行政法規未禁止抵押的其他財產。

(VII) other properties not prohibited from being mortgaged by any law or administrative regulation.

抵押人可以將前款所列財產一並抵押。

A mortgagor may mortgage the properties listed in the preceding paragraph together.

第一百八十一條   經當事人書面協議，企業、個體工商戶、農業生產經營者可以將現有的以及將有的生產設備、原材料、半成品、產品抵押，債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形，債權人有權就實現抵押權時的動產優先受償。

Article 181 An enterprise, individual industrial and commercial household or agricultural production operator may, upon the written agreement between the parties concerned, mortgage the existing production equipments, raw materials, semi-finished products and products or those to be owned in future, and when the obligor fails to pay his due debts or any circumstance as stipulated by the parties concerned for realizing the mortgage right happens, the obligee has the right to seek preferred payments from the chattels existing at the time of the realization of the mortgage right.

第一百八十二條   以建築物抵押的，該建築物占用範圍內的建設用地使用權一並抵押。以建設用地使用權抵押的，該土地上的建築物一並抵押。

Article 182 Where a building is mortgaged, the rights to use construction land as possessed by the building shall be mortgaged concurrently. When mortgaging the right to use construction land, all the buildings on such land shall be mortgaged together.

抵押人未依照前款規定一並抵押的，未抵押的財產視為一並抵押。

Where the mortgagor fails to mortgage the properties in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the properties not mortgaged shall be deemed to be mortgaged together.

第一百八十三條   鄉鎮、村企業的建設用地使用權不得單獨抵押。以鄉鎮、村企業的廠房等建築物抵押的，其占用範圍內的建設用地使用權一並抵押。

Article 183 The rights to use construction land for a township or village enterprise may not be individually mortgaged. Where a building such as a township factory or village enterprise is mortgaged, the rights to use construction land as possessed by the building shall be mortgaged together with the building.

第一百八十四條   下列財產不得抵押：

Article 184 The following properties may not be mortgaged:

（一）土地所有權；

1. the ownership of land;

（二）耕地、宅基地、自留地、自留山等集體所有的土地使用權，但法律規定可以抵押的除外；

(II) the right to use such collectively-owned land as cultivated land, house sites, private plots of cropland and hilly land, etc. except for those mortgagable as prescribed by law;

（三）學校、幼兒園、醫院等以公益為目的的事業單位、社會團體的教育設施、醫療衛生設施和其他社會公益設施；

(III) educational, medical and other public welfare facilities of institutions and social groups with the aim of benefiting the public such as schools, kindergartens, hospitals, etc.;

（四）所有權、使用權不明或者有爭議的財產；

(IV) properties with unclear or controversial ownership or use rights;

（五）依法被查封、扣押、監管的財產；

(V) properties legally confiscated, seized or controlled; or

（六）法律、行政法規規定不得抵押的其他財產。

(VI) other properties that cannot be mortgaged as prescribed by any law or administrative regulation.

第一百八十五條   設立抵押權，當事人應當采取書面形式訂立抵押合同。

Article 185 For establishing a mortgage right, the parties concerned shall enter into a written mortgage contract.

抵押合同一般包括下列條款：

In general, a mortgage contract shall contain the items as follows:

（一）被擔保債權的種類和數額；

1. Category and amount of the secured obligee's rights;

（二）債務人履行債務的期限；

(II) the time limit for performance of the obligation by the debtor;

（三）抵押財產的名稱、數量、質量、狀況、所在地、所有權歸屬或者使用權歸屬；

3. the name, quantity, quality, status, location, ownership or use right of the mortgaged property;

（四）擔保的範圍。

(IV) The scope of guarantee.

第一百八十六條   抵押權人在債務履行期屆滿前，不得與抵押人約定債務人不履行到期債務時抵押財產歸債權人所有。

Article 186 Prior to the expiration of the term for paying debts, the mortgagee and the mortgagor may not stipulate that the ownership of the mortgaged property shall be attributed to the obligee when the obligor fails to pay his due debts.

第一百八十七條   以本法第一百八十條第一款第一項至第三項規定的財產或者第五項規定的正在建造的建築物抵押的，應當辦理抵押登記。抵押權自登記時設立。

Article 187 Where any of the property stipulated in item (1) to item (3) of the first paragraph of Article 180 or a building under construction as stipulated in item (5) is mortgaged, mortgage registration formalities shall be completed. Mortgage interests shall be created at the time of registration.

第一百八十八條   以本法第一百八十條第一款第四項、第六項規定的財產或者第五項規定的正在建造的船舶、航空器抵押的，抵押權自抵押合同生效時設立；未經登記，不得對抗善意第三人。

Article 188 In case properties as provided for in Items (4) or (6) of Paragraph 1 of Article 180 of the present Law or a vessel or aircraft under construction as provided for in Item (5) are mortgaged, the mortgage right shall be established since the mortgage contract comes into effect; without the registration, the mortgage right may not challenge any third party with good faith.

第一百八十九條   企業、個體工商戶、農業生產經營者以本法第一百八十一條規定的動產抵押的，應當向抵押人住所地的工商行政管理部門辦理登記。抵押權自抵押合同生效時設立；未經登記，不得對抗善意第三人。

Article 189 For mortgage of movable property stipulated in Article 181 by an enterprise, individually-owned business or agriculture producer, registration formalities shall be completed with the administration for industry and commerce at the location where the mortgagor stays. The mortgage right shall be established since the mortgage contract comes into effect; without the registration, such mortgage right may not challenge any third party with good faith.

依照本法第一百八十一條規定抵押的，不得對抗正常經營活動中已支付合理價款並取得抵押財產的買受人。

The mortgage as provided for in Article 181 of the present Law may not challenge the buyer who has paid a reasonable price and obtained the mortgaged property in the ordinary course of business.

第一百九十條   訂立抵押合同前抵押財產已出租的，原租賃關系不受該抵押權的影響。抵押權設立後抵押財產出租的，該租賃關系不得對抗已登記的抵押權。

Article 190 Where a mortgaged property has been leased before a mortgage contract is entered into, the mortgage rights shall not affect the original leasehold relations. Where a mortgaged property is leased after the establishment of mortgage rights, the leasehold relation may be challenge the registered mortgage rights.

第一百九十一條   抵押期間，抵押人經抵押權人同意轉讓抵押財產的，應當將轉讓所得的價款向抵押權人提前清償債務或者提存。轉讓的價款超過債權數額的部分歸抵押人所有，不足部分由債務人清償。

Article 191 Where a mortgagor transfers the mortgaged property during the mortgage term with the consent of the mortgagee, the money generated from the transfer shall be used for the early repayment of debts to the mortgagee or be submitted to a competent authority for safekeeping. Any excess from the transfer proceeds shall belong to the mortgagor and any shortfall shall be borne by the debtor.

抵押期間，抵押人未經抵押權人同意，不得轉讓抵押財產，但受讓人代為清償債務消滅抵押權的除外。

A mortgagor may not transfer the mortgaged property during the mortgage term without the consent of the mortgagee, unless the mortgage right is terminated due to the transferee's settlement of the debts on behalf of the mortgagor.

第一百九十二條   抵押權不得與債權分離而單獨轉讓或者作為其他債權的擔保。債權轉讓的，擔保該債權的抵押權一並轉讓，但法律另有規定或者當事人另有約定的除外。

Article 192 Mortgage interests must not be separated from creditors' rights and individually transferred, or used to secure other creditors' rights. Where the obligee's rights are transferred, the mortgage right thereof shall be transferred concurrently, unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law or agreed by the parties concerned.

第一百九十三條   抵押人的行為足以使抵押財產價值減少的，抵押權人有權要求抵押人停止其行為。抵押財產價值減少的，抵押權人有權要求恢複抵押財產的價值，或者提供與減少的價值相應的擔保。抵押人不恢複抵押財產的價值也不提供擔保的，抵押權人有權要求債務人提前清償債務。

Article 193 Where any act of a mortgagor is sufficient to cause a reduction in value of the mortgaged property, the mortgagee has the right to demand that the mortgagor cease such act. Where the value of the mortgaged property is reduced, the mortgagee shall have the right to demand the recovery of the value of the mortgaged property, or provide a security equal to the value reduced. Where the mortgagor neither recovers the value nor provides any security, the mortgagee has the right to demand the early repayment of debts by the obligor.

第一百九十四條   抵押權人可以放棄抵押權或者抵押權的順位。抵押權人與抵押人可以協議變更抵押權順位以及被擔保的債權數額等內容，但抵押權的變更，未經其他抵押權人書面同意，不得對其他抵押權人產生不利影響。

Article 194 A mortgagee may abandon the mortgage right or the sequence thereof. A mortgagee and a mortgagor may, through negotiations, alter the sequence of receiving compensation in respect of mortgage rights or the amount of secured obligee's rights, etc., however, such alteration may not adversely affect any other mortgagee without his written consent.

債務人以自己的財產設定抵押，抵押權人放棄該抵押權、抵押權順位或者變更抵押權的，其他擔保人在抵押權人喪失優先受償權益的範圍內免除擔保責任，但其他擔保人承諾仍然提供擔保的除外。

Where an obligor creates the mortgage by its/his own properties, and the mortgagee abandons the mortgage right, the sequence of receiving compensation in respect of mortgage right or alters the mortgage right, the other guarantors shall be exempted from the guarantee liability, the extent that the mortgagee has lost the right to seek preferred payments, unless any other guarantors undertake to continue to provide the guarantee.

第一百九十五條   債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形，抵押權人可以與抵押人協議以抵押財產折價或者以拍賣、變賣該抵押財產所得的價款優先受償。協議損害其他債權人利益的，其他債權人可以在知道或者應當知道撤銷事由之日起一年內請求人民法院撤銷該協議。

Article 195 Where the debtor defaults on its debt obligations or where circumstances for the realisation of the mortgage interest as agreed by the parties has occurred, the mortgagee may, by agreement with the mortgagor, claim the proceeds from a discount, auction or sale of the mortgaged property in priority, by requiring the realisation of the mortgaged property's value. Where the agreement harms the interests of the other creditors, the other creditors may apply to the People's Court for revocation of the agreement within one year from the date on which they become aware or should be aware of the revocation matter.

抵押權人與抵押人未就抵押權實現方式達成協議的，抵押權人可以請求人民法院拍賣、變賣抵押財產。

Where no agreement on the means of realizing the mortgage right is reached by the mortgagee and the mortgagor, the mortgagee may require the people's court to auction or sell off the mortgaged property.

抵押財產折價或者變賣的，應當參照市場價格。

When cashing or selling the mortgaged property, its market price shall be referred to.

第一百九十六條   依照本法第一百八十一條規定設定抵押的，抵押財產自下列情形之一發生時確定：

Article 196 Where a mortgage is created in accordance with Article 181 hereof, the mortgaged property shall be confirmed under any of the following circumstances:

（一）債務履行期屆滿，債權未實現；

1. Upon expiration of the term for paying debts, the obligee's rights have not been realized;

（二）抵押人被宣告破產或者被撤銷；

2. the mortgagor is declared bankrupt or is revoked;

（三）當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形；

(III) Other circumstances as stipulated by the parties concerned for realizing the mortgage right; or

（四）嚴重影響債權實現的其他情形。

(IV) Any other circumstance seriously impacting the realization of the obligee's rights.

第一百九十七條   債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形，致使抵押財產被人民法院依法扣押的，自扣押之日起抵押權人有權收取該抵押財產的天然孳息或者法定孳息，但抵押權人未通知應當清償法定孳息的義務人的除外。

Article 197 Where the obligor fails to pay his due debts or any circumstance as stipulated by the parties concerned for realizing the mortgage right arises, and the mortgaged property is thus seized by the people's court in accordance with the law, the mortgagee has the right to collect natural or statutory fruits of the mortgaged property as of the date of seizure, unless the mortgagee has failed to notify the obligor liable for paying off statutory fruits.

前款規定的孳息應當先充抵收取孳息的費用。

The "fruits" as referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be firstly used for paying the expenses for collecting the fruits.

第一百九十八條   抵押財產折價或者拍賣、變賣後，其價款超過債權數額的部分歸抵押人所有，不足部分由債務人清償。

Article 198 Any proceeds from a discount, auction or sale of mortgaged property in excess of the debt shall belong to the mortgagor. Any shortfall shall be borne by the debtor.

第一百九十九條   同一財產向兩個以上債權人抵押的，拍賣、變賣抵押財產所得的價款依照下列規定清償：

Article 199 Where a property is mortgaged to two or more obligees concurrently, the proceeds of the auction or sale of the mortgaged property shall be applied to paying debts in the following manner:

（一）抵押權已登記的，按照登記的先後順序清償；順序相同的，按照債權比例清償；

1. In case all the mortgage rights to have been registered, the payments shall be made according to the registration sequence; and where the sequence is the same, the payments shall be made on the basis of the proportion of obligee's rights;

（二）抵押權已登記的先於未登記的受償；

(II) The registered mortgage right shall be paid off prior to the unregistered one; and

（三）抵押權未登記的，按照債權比例清償。

(III) Where no mortgage rights have been registered, the payments shall be made on the basis of the proportion of obligee's rights.

第二百條   建設用地使用權抵押後，該土地上新增的建築物不屬於抵押財產。該建設用地使用權實現抵押權時，應當將該土地上新增的建築物與建設用地使用權一並處分，但新增建築物所得的價款，抵押權人無權優先受償。

Article 200 Any buildings newly constructed on the land after the mortgage of the rights to use construction land shall not belong to the mortgaged properties. In realizing the mortgage right, such newly-constructed buildings and the construction land use right shall be disposed of concurrently, provided, however, that the mortgagee has no right to seek preferential payments from any proceeds of the disposal of these newly-constructed buildings.

第二百零一條   依照本法第一百八十條第一款第三項規定的土地承包經營權抵押的，或者依照本法第一百八十三條規定以鄉鎮、村企業的廠房等建築物占用範圍內的建設用地使用權一並抵押的，實現抵押權後，未經法定程序，不得改變土地所有權的性質和土地用途。

Article 201 Where rights to contractual land operations are mortgaged pursuant to the provisions of item (3) of the first paragraph of Article 180, or rights to construction land use as possessed by a building such as a township factory or village enterprise pursuant to the provisions of Article 183 are mortgaged, and the mortgaged interests are realised, the land's nature of ownership and purpose of use may not be altered without undergoing statutory procedures.

第二百零二條   抵押權人應當在主債權訴訟時效期間行使抵押權；未行使的，人民法院不予保護。

Article 202 A mortgagee shall exercise the mortgage rights within the limitation of action for the principal creditor's rights; failing which, no protection shall be granted by the People's Court.

第二節 最高額抵押權

Section 2 Mortgage Right at Maximum Amount

第二百零三條   為擔保債務的履行，債務人或者第三人對一定期間內將要連續發生的債權提供擔保財產的，債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形，抵押權人有權在最高債權額限度內就該擔保財產優先受償。

Article 203 Where an obligor or third party provides secured property for the obligee's rights that will arise consecutively within a certain term in order to guarantee the payment of debts, if the obligor fails to pay its/his due debts or any circumstance as stipulated by the parties concerned for realizing mortgage rights occurs, the mortgagee has the right to seek preferred payments from the secured property to the extent of the maximum amount of obligee's rights.

最高額抵押權設立前已經存在的債權，經當事人同意，可以轉入最高額抵押擔保的債權範圍。

The obligee's rights existing prior to the establishment of the mortgage right at maximum amount may, upon the consent of the parties concerned, be incorporated into the scope of obligee's rights under the mortgage security at maximum amount.

第二百零四條   最高額抵押擔保的債權確定前，部分債權轉讓的，最高額抵押權不得轉讓，但當事人另有約定的除外。

Article 204 Where part of an obligee's rights are transferred prior to the establishment of the maximum amount of mortgage security, the maximum amount of mortgage rights may not be transferred unless otherwise stipulated by the parties concerned.

第二百零五條   最高額抵押擔保的債權確定前，抵押權人與抵押人可以通過協議變更債權確定的期間、債權範圍以及最高債權額，但變更的內容不得對其他抵押權人產生不利影響。

Article 205 Prior to the confirmation of the obligee's rights under the maximum amount of mortgage security, the mortgagee and the mortgagor may, by agreement, alter the period for the confirmation of the obligee's rights, the scope of obligee's rights and the maximum amount of obligee's rights, provided that such alteration may not adversely affect any other mortgagee.

第二百零六條   有下列情形之一的，抵押權人的債權確定：

Article 206 The obligee's rights of a mortgagee shall be confirmed under any of the following circumstances:

（一）約定的債權確定期間屆滿；

1. The stipulated period for the confirmation of the obligee's rights expires;

（二）沒有約定債權確定期間或者約定不明確，抵押權人或者抵押人自最高額抵押權設立之日起滿二年後請求確定債權；

2. In case there is no stipulation on such term or the related stipulations are not clear, and where the mortgagee or the mortgagor requires determine the obligee’s rights after two years as of the date for the establishment of the mortgage right at maximum amount;

（三）新的債權不可能發生；

(III) It is impossible to have new creditor's rights;

（四）抵押財產被查封、扣押；

(IV) The mortgaged property is sealed up or seized;

（五）債務人、抵押人被宣告破產或者被撤銷；

(V) The debtor or mortgagor is declared bankrupt or is revoked; or

（六）法律規定債權確定的其他情形。

(VI) Any other circumstance as prescribed by any law for confirming the obligee's rights.

第二百零七條   最高額抵押權除適用本節規定外，適用本章第一節一般抵押權的規定。

Article 207 The mortgage right at maximum amount shall be governed by, in addition to the provisions in this Section, the provisions on general mortgage right as provided for in Section 1 of this Chapter.

第十七章 質 權

Chapter 17 Pledge Right

第一節 動產質權

Section 1 Chattel Pledge

第二百零八條   為擔保債務的履行，債務人或者第三人將其動產出質給債權人占有的，債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現質權的情形，債權人有權就該動產優先受償。

Article 208 Where an obligor or a third party pledges his movables to the obligee for the purpose of guaranteeing the payment of debts, if the obligor fails to pay his due debts or any circumstance for realizing the pledge right as stipulated by the parties occurs, the obligee has the right to seek preferred payments from the pledged movables.

前款規定的債務人或者第三人為出質人，債權人為質權人，交付的動產為質押財產。

The debtor or third party referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be the pledgor; the creditor shall be the pledgee and the delivered movable property shall be the pledged property.

第二百零九條   法律、行政法規禁止轉讓的動產不得出質。

Article 209 Movables that are prohibited from being pledged by any law or administrative regulation may not be pledged.

第二百一十條   設立質權，當事人應當采取書面形式訂立質權合同。

Article 210 For establishing the pledge right, the parties concerned shall enter into a written pledge contract.

質權合同一般包括下列條款：

In general, a contract on pledge right shall contain the following items:

（一）被擔保債權的種類和數額；

1. Category and amount of the secured obligee's rights;

（二）債務人履行債務的期限；

(II) the time limit for performance of the obligation by the debtor;

（三）質押財產的名稱、數量、質量、狀況；

(III) the name, quantity, quality and condition of the pledged property;

（四）擔保的範圍；

(IV) The scope of guarantee; and

（五）質押財產交付的時間。

(V) The time of delivery of the pledged properties.

第二百一十一條   質權人在債務履行期屆滿前，不得與出質人約定債務人不履行到期債務時質押財產歸債權人所有。

Article 211 The pledgee and the pledger may not, prior to the time limit for paying debts expires, stipulate that the ownership of pledged properties be attributed to the obligee when the obligor fails to pay due debts.

第二百一十二條   質權自出質人交付質押財產時設立。

Article 212 The pledge right shall be established after the pledgee has delivered the pledged properties.

第二百一十三條   質權人有權收取質押財產的孳息，但合同另有約定的除外。

Article 213 Unless it is otherwise stipulated in the contract, a pledgee has the right to obtain the fruits of the pledged properties.

前款規定的孳息應當先充抵收取孳息的費用。

The "fruits" as referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be firstly used for paying the expenses for collecting the fruits.

第二百一十四條   質權人在質權存續期間，未經出質人同意，擅自使用、處分質押財產，給出質人造成損害的，應當承擔賠償責任。

Article 214 Where a pledgee uses or disposes of the pledged properties without the consent of the pledgor during the duration of the pledge right, and thus damages are caused to the pledgor, the pledgee shall assume the compensation liabilities.

第二百一十五條   質權人負有妥善保管質押財產的義務；因保管不善致使質押財產毀損、滅失的，應當承擔賠償責任。

Article 215 A pledgee shall be obliged to properly keep pledged properties; where pledged properties are damaged or lost by virtue of improper keeping, the pledgee shall make compensations.

質權人的行為可能使質押財產毀損、滅失的，出質人可以要求質權人將質押財產提存，或者要求提前清償債務並返還質押財產。

Where pledged properties may be damaged or lost by act of the pledgee, the pledger may ask for the pledgee to submit them to a competent authority for keeping or require pay debts in advance and take back them.

第二百一十六條   因不能歸責於質權人的事由可能使質押財產毀損或者價值明顯減少，足以危害質權人權利的，質權人有權要求出質人提供相應的擔保；出質人不提供的，質權人可以拍賣、變賣質押財產，並與出質人通過協議將拍賣、變賣所得的價款提前清償債務或者提存。

Article 216 Where damage or a significant reduction in value may result from causes not attributable to the pledgee, and the rights of the pledgee is detrimental, the pledgee shall have the right to demand the pledgor to provide a security of corresponding value; where the pledgor fails to do so, the pledgee may auction or sell off the pledged property and may, by agreement with the pledgor, seek early repayment of the debt with the proceeds thereof or deposit the proceeds.

第二百一十七條   質權人在質權存續期間，未經出質人同意轉質，造成質押財產毀損、滅失的，應當向出質人承擔賠償責任。

Article 217 Where a pledgee transfers the pledge within the duration of the pledge right without the consent of the pledgor, thus causing damage or loss to the pledged properties, the pledgee shall make compensations to the pledgor.

第二百一十八條   質權人可以放棄質權。債務人以自己的財產出質，質權人放棄該質權的，其他擔保人在質權人喪失優先受償權益的範圍內免除擔保責任，但其他擔保人承諾仍然提供擔保的除外。

Article 218 A pledgee may abandon the pledge right. Where an obligor provide the pledge right by his/its own properties, and the pledgee abandons the pledge right, unless any of other security providers promises to provide the security all the same, other security providers’ security liability will be exempted within the scope for which the pledgee has lost the right to seek preferred payments.

第二百一十九條   債務人履行債務或者出質人提前清償所擔保的債權的，質權人應當返還質押財產。

Article 219 Where the obligor has paid the debts or the pledgor has fulfilled the secured obligee's rights in advance, the pledgee shall return the pledged properties.

債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現質權的情形，質權人可以與出質人協議以質押財產折價，也可以就拍賣、變賣質押財產所得的價款優先受償。

Where the debtor defaults on its debt obligations or where circumstances for the realisation of the pledge interest as agreed by the parties has occurred, the pledgee may, by agreement with the pledgor, claim the proceeds from a discount, auction or sale of the pledged property in priority, in satisfaction of its claim.

質押財產折價或者變賣的，應當參照市場價格。

When cashing or selling the pledged properties, their market price shall be referred to.

第二百二十條   出質人可以請求質權人在債務履行期屆滿後及時行使質權；質權人不行使的，出質人可以請求人民法院拍賣、變賣質押財產。

Article 220 A pledgor may, upon expiration of the time limit for paying debts, request the pledgee to exercise the pledge right in a timely manner. If the pledgee fails to do so, the pledgor may request the People's Court to auction or sell off the pledged properties.

出質人請求質權人及時行使質權，因質權人怠於行使權利造成損害的，由質權人承擔賠償責任。

Where a pledgor has requested the pledgee to exercise the pledge right in a timely manner, but the pledgee is lazy to do so and thus damages are caused, the pledgee shall make compensations.

第二百二十一條   質押財產折價或者拍賣、變賣後，其價款超過債權數額的部分歸出質人所有，不足部分由債務人清償。

Article 221 Any proceeds from a discount, auction or sale of pledged property in excess of the amount of debt secured shall belong to the pledgor and any shortfall shall be borne by the debtor.

第二百二十二條   出質人與質權人可以協議設立最高額質權。

Article 222 The pledgor and the pledgee may, upon negotiation, agree on the maximum amount of pledge rights.

最高額質權除適用本節有關規定外，參照本法第十六章第二節最高額抵押權的規定。

The provisions on maximum amount of mortgage interests in Section 2 of Chapter 16 shall apply to maximum amount of pledge interests, in addition to the relevant provisions of this Section.

第二節 權利質權

Section 2 Pledge of Rights

第二百二十三條   債務人或者第三人有權處分的下列權利可以出質：

Article 223 The following rights of which an obligor or third party has the right of disposal may be pledged:

（一）匯票、支票、本票；

1. bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes;

（二）債券、存款單；

(II) bonds and deposit receipts;

（三）倉單、提單；

(III) warehouse receipts and bills of lading;

（四）可以轉讓的基金份額、股權；

(IV) transferable fund units and equity;

（五）可以轉讓的注冊商標專用權、專利權、著作權等知識產權中的財產權；

(V) Property rights included in transferable intellectual property rights such as exclusive trademark rights, patent rights, copyrights, etc;

（六）應收賬款；

(VI) Accounts receivable;

（七）法律、行政法規規定可以出質的其他財產權利。

(VII) other property rights that can be pledged as prescribed by any law or administrative regulation.

第二百二十四條   以匯票、支票、本票、債券、存款單、倉單、提單出質的，當事人應當訂立書面合同。質權自權利憑證交付質權人時設立；沒有權利憑證的，質權自有關部門辦理出質登記時設立。

Article 224 The parties concerned shall conclude a written contract for any pledge of a bill of exchange, cheque, promissory note, bond, certificate of deposit, warehouse receipt or bill of lading. The pledge right shall be established after the delivery of the title certificate of the pledge to the pledgee. In case there is no title certificate, the pledge right shall be established after the related department has handled the registration of the pledge.

第二百二十五條   匯票、支票、本票、債券、存款單、倉單、提單的兌現日期或者提貨日期先於主債權到期的，質權人可以兌現或者提貨，並與出質人協議將兌現的價款或者提取的貨物提前清償債務或者提存。

Article 225 Where the date of redemption or collection of the draft, cheque, cashier's cheque, bond, deposit receipt, warehouse receipt or bill of lading is prior to the due date of the principal obligee's rights, the pledgee may redeem or collect the goods, and may, upon negotiation with the pledgor, seek early payments with the redeemed money or the collected goods, or submit the said money or goods to a competent authority for safekeeping.

第二百二十六條   以基金份額、股權出質的，當事人應當訂立書面合同。以基金份額、證券登記結算機構登記的股權出質的，質權自證券登記結算機構辦理出質登記時設立；以其他股權出質的，質權自工商行政管理部門辦理出質登記時設立。

Article 226 The parties concerned shall enter into a written contract for the pledge of fund units or equity. As regards the pledge of fund units or the stock rights that are registered in the securities depository and clearing institution, the pledge right shall be established after the securities depository and clearing institution has handled the registration of the pledge. As regards the pledge of other stock rights, the pledge right shall be established after the administration for industry and commerce has handled the registration of the pledge.

基金份額、股權出質後，不得轉讓，但經出質人與質權人協商同意的除外。出質人轉讓基金份額、股權所得的價款，應當向質權人提前清償債務或者提存。

Pledged fund units and equity may not be transferred, unless the pledgor and the pledgee negotiated and agreed to the contrary. The pledgor shall apply the proceeds received from a transfer of fund units and equity to discharge the debt with the pledgee in advance or deposit the amount.

第二百二十七條   以注冊商標專用權、專利權、著作權等知識產權中的財產權出質的，當事人應當訂立書面合同。質權自有關主管部門辦理出質登記時設立。

Article 227 The parties concerned shall conclude a written contract for pledge of property rights in intellectual property rights such as exclusive rights to use registered trademarks, patent rights, copyright, etc. The pledge shall be created at the time of registration of the pledge by the relevant authorities.

知識產權中的財產權出質後，出質人不得轉讓或者許可他人使用，但經出質人與質權人協商同意的除外。出質人轉讓或者許可他人使用出質的知識產權中的財產權所得的價款，應當向質權人提前清償債務或者提存。

After the property rights in the intellectual property have been pledged, unless it is otherwise agreed to between the pledger and the pledgee upon negotiations, the pledger may not alienate the pledge or permit anyone else to use it. The pledgor shall make early repayment of the debt with the proceeds received from the transfer or permit the use of the pledged intellectual property right, or submit the proceeds to a competent authority for safekeeping.

第二百二十八條   以應收賬款出質的，當事人應當訂立書面合同。質權自信貸征信機構辦理出質登記時設立。

Article 228 The parties concerned shall conclude a written contract for any account receivable pledged. The pledge interests shall be created at the time of registration of the pledge interest by the credit investigation organisation.

應收賬款出質後，不得轉讓，但經出質人與質權人協商同意的除外。出質人轉讓應收賬款所得的價款，應當向質權人提前清償債務或者提存。

After the receivables have been pledged, unless it is otherwise agreed on by the pledger and the pledgee upon negotiations, the pledger may not alienate the pledged receivables. The pledgor shall apply the proceeds received from a transfer of the accounts receivable to discharge the debt with the pledgee in advance or deposit the amount.

第二百二十九條   權利質權除適用本節規定外，適用本章第一節動產質權的規定。

Article 229 The pledge of rights shall be governed by, in addition to the provisions prescribed in this Section, the provisions in Section 1 of this Chapter on the pledge of chattels.

第十八章 留置權

Chapter 18 Lien

第二百三十條   債務人不履行到期債務，債權人可以留置已經合法占有的債務人的動產，並有權就該動產優先受償。

Article 230 Where an obligor fails to pay off his due debts, the obligee may take lien of the chattels that are owned by the obligor and lawfully occupied by the obligee, and has the right to seek preferred payments from such chattels.

前款規定的債權人為留置權人，占有的動產為留置財產。

The "obligee" as referred to in the preceding Paragraph shall be the lienor, and the occupied movable property shall be the property under lien.

第二百三十一條   債權人留置的動產，應當與債權屬於同一法律關系，但企業之間留置的除外。

Article 231 The chattels taken as lien by the obligee and the obligee's rights shall fall into a same legal relationship, except for the lien between enterprises.

第二百三十二條   法律規定或者當事人約定不得留置的動產，不得留置。

Article 232 As regards chattels of which no lien may be taken as prescribed by law or stipulated by the parties concerned, lien may not be taken of them.

第二百三十三條   留置財產為可分物的，留置財產的價值應當相當於債務的金額。

Article 233 Where a property under lien is divisible, its value shall be equal to the amount of debts.

第二百三十四條   留置權人負有妥善保管留置財產的義務；因保管不善致使留置財產毀損、滅失的，應當承擔賠償責任。

Article 234 A lienor shall assume the obligation to properly keep the property under lien, and shall make compensations in case the property under lien is damaged or lost by virtue of improper safekeeping.

第二百三十五條   留置權人有權收取留置財產的孳息。

Article 235 A lienor shall be entitled to the fruits generated from the property under lien.

前款規定的孳息應當先充抵收取孳息的費用。

The "fruits" as referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be firstly used for paying the expenses for collecting the fruits.

第二百三十六條   留置權人與債務人應當約定留置財產後的債務履行期間；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，留置權人應當給債務人兩個月以上履行債務的期間，但鮮活易腐等不易保管的動產除外。債務人逾期未履行的，留置權人可以與債務人協議以留置財產折價，也可以就拍賣、變賣留置財產所得的價款優先受償。

Article 236 A lienor shall, after the property is taken as lien, stipulate with the obligor the term for the fulfillment of the obligee's rights; and in the case of no or unclear stipulation, two months or more shall be given to the obligor for fulfilling the obligee's rights, except for such chattels that are not easy to be kept as fresh goods, perishable goods, etc.. Where the obligor fails to fulfill the debt within the specified period, the lienor may cash the property under lien upon negotiation with the obligor, or seek preferential payments from the proceeds of the auction or sale of the property under lien.

留置財產折價或者變賣的，應當參照市場價格。

When the property under lien is converted into money or sold off, its market price should be referred to.

第二百三十七條   債務人可以請求留置權人在債務履行期屆滿後行使留置權；留置權人不行使的，債務人可以請求人民法院拍賣、變賣留置財產。

Article 237 An obligor may, upon expiration of the time limit for paying debts, require the lienor to exercise the lien; and where the lienor fails to do so, the obligor may request the People's Court to sell or auction the property under lien.

第二百三十八條   留置財產折價或者拍賣、變賣後，其價款超過債權數額的部分歸債務人所有，不足部分由債務人清償。

Article 238 Any proceeds from the discount, auction or sale of lien property in excess of the debt involved shall belong to the debtor and any shortfall shall be borne by the debtor.

第二百三十九條   同一動產上已設立抵押權或者質權，該動產又被留置的，留置權人優先受償。

Article 239 Where lien property is subject to existing mortgage interests or pledge interests, the lienor shall be entitled to a priority in its claims.

第二百四十條   留置權人對留置財產喪失占有或者留置權人接受債務人另行提供擔保的，留置權消滅。

Article 240 A lien shall be extinguished when the lienor loses possession of the property under lien or accepts another form of guarantee from the obligor.

第五編 占 有

Part V Possession

第十九章 占 有

Chapter 19 Possession

第二百四十一條   基於合同關系等產生的占有，有關不動產或者動產的使用、收益、違約責任等，按照合同約定；合同沒有約定或者約定不明確的，依照有關法律規定。

Article 241 In case the possession occurs on the basis of a contractual relationship, the related stipulations in the contract shall be apply to the use, proceedings and default liability of the realty or chattel concerned; and the relevant legal provisions shall apply if there is no such stipulation in the contract or the stipulations are not clear,.

第二百四十二條   占有人因使用占有的不動產或者動產，致使該不動產或者動產受到損害的，惡意占有人應當承擔賠償責任。

Article 242 Where a possessor causes damage to the immovable or movable under his possession during use, the mala fide possessor shall be liable for compensation.

第二百四十三條   不動產或者動產被占有人占有的，權利人可以請求返還原物及其孳息，但應當支付善意占有人因維護該不動產或者動產支出的必要費用。

Article 243 Where an immovable or movable is possessed by the possessor, the owner may request the possessor to return the original object and fruits thereof, provided that the owner shall pay necessary expenses paid by the bona fide possessor for the maintenance of the immovable or movable.

第二百四十四條   占有的不動產或者動產毀損、滅失，該不動產或者動產的權利人請求賠償的，占有人應當將因毀損、滅失取得的保險金、賠償金或者補償金等返還給權利人；權利人的損害未得到足夠彌補的，惡意占有人還應當賠償損失。

Article 244 Where a realty or chattel under possession is damaged or lost, the possessor shall return the insurance money, damages or indemnities for the said destruction or loss to the holder if the holder requires compensations; and a mala fide possessor shall make compensations in case the damages to the holder have not been sufficiently made up.

第二百四十五條   占有的不動產或者動產被侵占的，占有人有權請求返還原物；對妨害占有的行為，占有人有權請求排除妨害或者消除危險；因侵占或者妨害造成損害的，占有人有權請求損害賠償。

Article 245 Where an immovable or movable under possession is encroached upon, the possessor has the right to request the return of the original object; where any act impairs the possession, the possessor has the right to request the cessation of impairment or danger; and where any damage is caused by virtue of encroachment or interference, the possessor has the right to request compensation.

占有人返還原物的請求權，自侵占發生之日起一年內未行使的，該請求權消滅。

The claim by a possessor for the return of the original object shall perish, if the possessor fails to exercise it within one year as of the date of encroachment.

附 則

Supplementary Provisions

第二百四十六條   法律、行政法規對不動產統一登記的範圍、登記機構和登記辦法作出規定前，地方性法規可以依照本法有關規定作出規定。

Article 246 Before any law or administrative regulation prescribes the scope, organ and measures for uniform registration of realties, local regulations may provide for related matters in accordance with the related provisions in the present Law.

第二百四十七條   本法自2007年10月1日起施行。

Article 247 This Law shall go into effect as of October 1, 2007.