中華人民共和國民事訴訟法（2017修正）(中英文對照版)
1991年4月9日第七屆全國人民代表大會第四次會議通過 根據2007年10月28日第十屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第三十次會議《關於修改〈中華人民共和國民事訴訟法〉的決定》第一次修正 根據2012年8月31日第十一屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二十八次會議《關於修改〈中華人民共和國民事訴訟法〉的決定》第二次修正 根據2017年6月27日第十二屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二十八次會議《關於修改〈中華人民共和國民事訴訟法〉和〈中華人民共和國行政訴訟法〉的決定》第三次修正
法律文本
中華人民共和國民事訴訟法（2017修正）
Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China (Amended in 2017)
（1991年4月9日第七屆全國人民代表大會第四次會議通過 根據2007年10月28日第十屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第三十次會議《關於修改〈中華人民共和國民事訴訟法〉的決定》第一次修正 根據2012年8月31日第十一屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二十八次會議《關於修改〈中華人民共和國民事訴訟法〉的決定》第二次修正 根據2017年6月27日第十二屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二十八次會議《關於修改〈中華人民共和國民事訴訟法〉和〈中華人民共和國行政訴訟法〉的決定》第三次修正）
(Adopted at the 4th Session of the 7th National People 's Congress on April 9, 1991; amended for the first time in accordance with the Decision on Revising the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China at the 30th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress on October 28, 2007; amended for the second time in accordance with the Decision on Revising the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China at the 28th Session of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People's Congress on August 31, 2012; and amended for the third time in accordance with the Decision on Revising the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China and the Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China at the 28th Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress on June 27, 2017)
目 錄
Contents
第一編 總 則
Part 1 General Provisions
第一章 任務、適用範圍和基本原則
Chapter 1 Aim, Scope of Application and Basic Principles
第二章 管 轄
Chapter 2 Jurisdiction
第一節 級別管轄
Section 1 Class Jurisdiction
第二節 地域管轄
Section 2. Territorial jurisdiction.
第三節 移送管轄和指定管轄
Section 3 Transfer and Designation of Jurisdiction
第三章 審判組織
Chapter 3 Trial Organizations
第四章 回 避
Chapter 4 Withdrawal
第五章 訴訟參加人
Chapter 5 Participants in Legal Actions
第一節 當事人
Section 1 Parties
第二節 訴訟代理人
Section 2 Entrusted Agents
第六章 證 據
Chapter 6 EVIDENCE
第七章 期間、送達
Chapter 7 Time Periods, Service
第一節 期 間
Section 1 Time Periods
第二節 送 達
Section 2 Delivered
第八章 調 解
Chapter 8 Conciliation
第九章 保全和先予執行
Chapter 9 Preservation and Prior Enforcement
第十章 對妨害民事訴訟的強制措施
Chapter 10 Compulsory Measures against Obstruction of Civil Actions
第十一章 訴訟費用
Chapter 11 Cost of Proceedings
第二編 審判程序
Part II Trial Procedure
第十二章 第一審普通程序
Chapter 12 Ordinary Procedure at First Instance
第一節 起訴和受理
Section 1 COMPLAINT AND FORUM
第二節 審理前的準備
Section 2 Preparations for Trial
第三節 開庭審理
Section 3 Hearing
第四節 訴訟中止和終結
Section 4 Suspension and Termination of Proceedings
第五節 判決和裁定
Section 5 Judgments and Orders
第十三章 簡易程序
Chapter 13 Summary Procedure
第十四章 第二審程序
Chapter 14 Procedure at Second Instance
第十五章 特別程序
Chapter 15 Special Procedures
第一節 一般規定
Section 1 General Provisions
第二節 選民資格案件
Section 2 Cases Concerning the Qualification of Voters
第三節 宣告失蹤、宣告死亡案件
Section 3 Cases Concerning the Declaration of a Person as Missing or Dead
第四節 認定公民無民事行為能力、限制民事行為能力案件
Section 4 Cases Concerning the Adjudgment of Legal Incapacity or Restricted Legal Capacity of Citizens
第五節 認定財產無主案件
Section 5 Cases Concerning the Determination of Property as Ownerless
第六節 確認調解協議案件
Section 6 Confirmation of Mediation Agreements
第七節 實現擔保物權案件
Section 7 — Cases of Realisation of Security Interest
第十六章 審判監督程序
Chapter 16 Procedure for Trial Supervision
第十七章 督促程序
Chapter 17 Procedures of Supervision and Urge
第十八章 公示催告程序
Chapter 18 Procedure for Publicizing Public Notice for Assertion of Claims
第三編 執行程序
Part III Executive Procedures
第十九章 一般規定
Chapter 19 General Provisions
第二十章 執行的申請和移送
Chapter 20 Application for and Referral of Execution
第二十一章 執行措施
Chapter 21 Enforcement Measures
第二十二章 執行中止和終結
Chapter 22 Suspension and Termination of Execution
第四編 涉外民事訴訟程序的特別規定
Part Four Special Provisions for Civil Actions Involving Foreign Parties
第二十三章 一般原則
Chapter 23 General Principles
第二十四章 管 轄
Chapter 24 Jurisdiction
第二十五章 送達、期間
Chapter 25 Delivery and Period
第二十六章 仲 裁
Chapter 26 Arbitration
第二十七章 司法協助
Chapter 27: Judicial Assistance
第一編
Part I
總 則
General
第一章
Chapter 1
任務、適用範圍和基本原則
Mission, Scope of Application and Basic Principles
第一條 中華人民共和國民事訴訟法以憲法為根據，結合我國民事審判工作的經驗和實際情況制定。
Article 1 The Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China is formulated on the basis of the Constitution and in the light of the experience and actual conditions of our country in the trial of civil cases.
第二條 中華人民共和國民事訴訟法的任務，是保護當事人行使訴訟權利，保證人民法院查明事實，分清是非，正確適用法律，及時審理民事案件，確認民事權利義務關系，制裁民事違法行為，保護當事人的合法權益，教育公民自覺遵守法律，維護社會秩序、經濟秩序，保障社會主義建設事業順利進行。
Article 2 The tasks of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China shall be protection of the rights of litigants for exercise of litigation rights, ensuring ascertainment of facts and distinguishing between right and wrong by People's Courts, correct application of laws, prompt trial of civil cases, confirmation of civil rights and obligations, sanction of civil offences, protection of legitimate rights and interests of litigants, educating citizens to comply with the law voluntarily, safeguarding social order and economic order, ensuring smooth establishment of socialism.
第三條 人民法院受理公民之間、法人之間、其他組織之間以及他們相互之間因財產關系和人身關系提起的民事訴訟，適用本法的規定。
Article 3 In dealing with civil litigation arising from disputes on property and personal relations between citizens, legal persons or other organizations and between the three of them, the people's courts shall apply the provisions of this Law.
第四條 凡在中華人民共和國領域內進行民事訴訟，必須遵守本法。
Article 4 Whoever engages in civil litigation within the territory of the People's Republic of China must abide by this Law.
第五條 外國人、無國籍人、外國企業和組織在人民法院起訴、應訴，同中華人民共和國公民、法人和其他組織有同等的訴訟權利義務。
Article 5 Aliens, stateless persons, foreign enterprises and organizations that bring suits or enter appearance in the people's courts shall have the same litigation rights and obligations as citizens, legal persons and other organizations of the People's Republic of China.
外國法院對中華人民共和國公民、法人和其他組織的民事訴訟權利加以限制的，中華人民共和國人民法院對該國公民、企業和組織的民事訴訟權利，實行對等原則。
If the courts of a foreign country impose restrictions on the civil litigation rights of the citizens, legal persons and other organizations of the People's Republic of China, the people's courts of the People's Republic of China shall follow the principle of reciprocity regarding the civil litigation rights of the citizens, enterprises and organizations of that foreign country.
第六條 民事案件的審判權由人民法院行使。
Article 6 Jurisdiction over civil cases shall be exercised by the people's courts.
人民法院依照法律規定對民事案件獨立進行審判，不受行政機關、社會團體和個人的幹涉。
The people's courts shall try civil cases independently in accordance with the law, and shall be subject to no interference by any administrative organ, social organization or individual.
第七條 人民法院審理民事案件，必須以事實為根據，以法律為準繩。
Article 7 In trying civil cases, the people's courts must base themselves on facts and take the law as the criterion.
第八條 民事訴訟當事人有平等的訴訟權利。人民法院審理民事案件，應當保障和便利當事人行使訴訟權利，對當事人在適用法律上一律平等。
Article 8 The parties in civil litigation shall have equal litigation rights. The people's courts shall, in conducting the trials, safeguard their rights, facilitate their exercising the rights, and apply the law equally to them.
第九條 人民法院審理民事案件，應當根據自願和合法的原則進行調解；調解不成的，應當及時判決。
Article 9 In trying civil cases, the people's courts shall conduct conciliation for the parties on a voluntary and lawful basis; if conciliation fails, judgments shall be rendered without delay.
第十條 人民法院審理民事案件，依照法律規定實行合議、回避、公開審判和兩審終審制度。
Article 10 In trying civil cases, the people's courts shall, according to the provisions of the law, follow the systems of panel hearing, withdrawal, public trial and the court of second instance being that of last instance.
第十一條 各民族公民都有用本民族語言、文字進行民事訴訟的權利。
Article 11 Citizens of all nationalities shall have the right to use their native spoken and written languages in civil proceedings.
在少數民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地區，人民法院應當用當地民族通用的語言、文字進行審理和發布法律文書。
Where minority nationalities live in concentrated communities or where several nationalities live together in one area, the people's courts shall conduct hearings and issue legal documents in the spoken and written languages commonly used by the local nationalities.
人民法院應當對不通曉當地民族通用的語言、文字的訴訟參與人提供翻譯。
The people's courts shall provide translations for any participant in the proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages commonly used by the local nationalities.
第十二條 人民法院審理民事案件時，當事人有權進行辯論。
Article 12 Parties to civil actions are entitled in the trials by the people's courts to argue for themselves.
第十三條 民事訴訟應當遵循誠實信用原則。
Article 13 Civil litigation shall follow the principle of good faith.
當事人有權在法律規定的範圍內處分自己的民事權利和訴訟權利。
The parties are free to deal with their own civil rights and litigation rights within the scope provided by the law.
第十四條 人民檢察院有權對民事訴訟實行法律監督。
Article 14 The people's procuratorates shall have the right to exercise legal supervision over civil proceedings.
第十五條 機關、社會團體、企業事業單位對損害國家、集體或者個人民事權益的行為，可以支持受損害的單位或者個人向人民法院起訴。
Article 15 Where an act has infringed upon the civil rights and interests of the State, a collective organization or an individual, any State organ, public organization, enterprise or institution may support the injured unit or individual to bring an action in a people's court.
第十六條 民族自治地方的人民代表大會根據憲法和本法的原則，結合當地民族的具體情況，可以制定變通或者補充的規定。自治區的規定，報全國人民代表大會常務委員會批準。自治州、自治縣的規定，報省或者自治區的人民代表大會常務委員會批準，並報全國人民代表大會常務委員會備案。
Article 16 The people's congresses of the national autonomous areas may formulate, in accordance with the principles of the Constitution and this Law and in the light of the specific conditions of the local nationalities, adaptive and supplementary provisions. Such provisions of an autonomous region shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval. Provisions made by autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties shall be submitted to the standing committee of the people's congress of the respective provinces or autonomous regions for approval and to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for filing.
第二章 管 轄
Chapter 2 Jurisdiction
第一節 級別管轄
Section 1 Class Jurisdiction
第十七條 基層人民法院管轄第一審民事案件，但本法另有規定的除外。
Article 17 The basic people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over civil cases, unless otherwise provided in this Law.
第十八條 中級人民法院管轄下列第一審民事案件：
Article 18 Intermediate people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over the following civil cases:
（一）重大涉外案件；
1. major cases involving foreign element;
（二）在本轄區有重大影響的案件；
2. cases that have major impact on the area under their jurisdiction; and
（三）最高人民法院確定由中級人民法院管轄的案件。
3. cases as determined by the Supreme People's Court to be under the jurisdiction of the intermediate people's courts.
第十九條 高級人民法院管轄在本轄區有重大影響的第一審民事案件。
Article 19 Higher People's Courts shall have jurisdiction for trial of first instance for civil cases which have a significant impact on their jurisdiction.
第二十條 最高人民法院管轄下列第一審民事案件：
Article 20 The Supreme People's Court shall have jurisdiction as the court of first instance over the following types of civil cases:
（一）在全國有重大影響的案件；
1. cases that have major impact on the whole country;
（二）認為應當由本院審理的案件。
2. cases that the Supreme People's Court deems it should try itself.
第二節 地域管轄
Section 2. Territorial jurisdiction.
第二十一條 對公民提起的民事訴訟，由被告住所地人民法院管轄；被告住所地與經常居住地不一致的，由經常居住地人民法院管轄。
Article 21 A civil lawsuit brought against a citizen shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile; if the place of the defendant's domicile is different from that of his habitual residence, the lawsuit shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place of his habitual residence.
對法人或者其他組織提起的民事訴訟，由被告住所地人民法院管轄。
A civil lawsuit brought against a legal person or any other organization shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile.
同一訴訟的幾個被告住所地、經常居住地在兩個以上人民法院轄區的，各該人民法院都有管轄權。
If the places of domicile or habitual residence of several defendants in the same lawsuit come under the jurisdiction of two or more people's courts, each of those people's courts shall have jurisdiction.
第二十二條 下列民事訴訟，由原告住所地人民法院管轄；原告住所地與經常居住地不一致的，由原告經常居住地人民法院管轄：
Article 22 The following civil actions shall come under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the plaintiff is domiciled; if the plaintiff's place of domicile is different from the place of his or her habitual residence, the people's court in the place of his or her habitual residence shall have jurisdiction:
（一）對不在中華人民共和國領域內居住的人提起的有關身份關系的訴訟；
1. those concerning personal status brought against persons not residing within the territory of the People's Republic of China;
（二）對下落不明或者宣告失蹤的人提起的有關身份關系的訴訟；
2. those concerning the personal status of persons whose whereabouts are unknown or who have been declared missing;
（三）對被采取強制性教育措施的人提起的訴訟；
3. actions instituted against persons who are undergoing compulsory correction; and
（四）對被監禁的人提起的訴訟。
(IV) those brought against persons who are in imprisonment.
第二十三條 因合同糾紛提起的訴訟，由被告住所地或者合同履行地人民法院管轄。
Article 23 An action involving a contractual dispute shall come under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the defendant is domiciled or where the contract is performed.
第二十四條 因保險合同糾紛提起的訴訟，由被告住所地或者保險標的物所在地人民法院管轄。
Article 24 A lawsuit brought on an insurance contract dispute shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile or where the insured object is located.
第二十五條 因票據糾紛提起的訴訟，由票據支付地或者被告住所地人民法院管轄。
Article 25 A lawsuit brought on a bill dispute shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the bill is to be paid or where the defendant has his domicile.
第二十六條 因公司設立、確認股東資格、分配利潤、解散等糾紛提起的訴訟，由公司住所地人民法院管轄。
Article 26 In the case of a lawsuit regarding a dispute over incorporation of company, confirmation of shareholder qualification, profit distribution, dissolution, etc, the People's Court at the company's domicile shall have jurisdiction.
第二十七條 因鐵路、公路、水上、航空運輸和聯合運輸合同糾紛提起的訴訟，由運輸始發地、目的地或者被告住所地人民法院管轄。
Article 27 An action involving a dispute over a contract for railway, road, water or air transportation or combined transportation shall come under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place of departure or place of destination or of the place where the defendant is domiciled.
第二十八條 因侵權行為提起的訴訟，由侵權行為地或者被告住所地人民法院管轄。
Article 28 An action involving a tort shall come under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the tort was committed or where the defendant is domiciled.
第二十九條 因鐵路、公路、水上和航空事故請求損害賠償提起的訴訟，由事故發生地或者車輛、船舶最先到達地、航空器最先降落地或者被告住所地人民法院管轄。
Article 29 A lawsuit brought on claims for damages caused by a railway, road, water transport or air accident shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the accident occurred or where the vehicle or ship first arrived after the accident or where the aircraft first landed after the accident, or where the defendant has his domicile.
第三十條 因船舶碰撞或者其他海事損害事故請求損害賠償提起的訴訟，由碰撞發生地、碰撞船舶最先到達地、加害船舶被扣留地或者被告住所地人民法院管轄。
Article 30 A lawsuit brought on claims for damages caused by a collision at sea or by any other maritime accident shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the collision occurred or where the ship in collision first docked after the accident or where the ship at fault was detained, or where the defendant has his domicile.
第三十一條 因海難救助費用提起的訴訟，由救助地或者被救助船舶最先到達地人民法院管轄。
Article 31 A lawsuit instituted for expenses of maritime salvage shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the salvage took place or where the salvaged ship first docked after the disaster.
第三十二條 因共同海損提起的訴訟，由船舶最先到達地、共同海損理算地或者航程終止地的人民法院管轄。
Article 32 A lawsuit brought for general average shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the ship first docked or where the adjustment of general average was conducted or where the voyage ended.
第三十三條 下列案件，由本條規定的人民法院專屬管轄：
Article 33 The following cases shall come under the exclusive jurisdiction of the people's courts herein specified:
（一）因不動產糾紛提起的訴訟，由不動產所在地人民法院管轄；
1. a lawsuit brought on a dispute over real estate shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the estate is located;
（二）因港口作業中發生糾紛提起的訴訟，由港口所在地人民法院管轄；
2. a lawsuit brought on a dispute over harbour operations shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the harbour is located;
（三）因繼承遺產糾紛提起的訴訟，由被繼承人死亡時住所地或者主要遺產所在地人民法院管轄。
(III) a lawsuit brought on a dispute over succession shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the decedent had his domicile upon his death, or where the principal part of his estate is located.
第三十四條 合同或者其他財產權益糾紛的當事人可以書面協議選擇被告住所地、合同履行地、合同簽訂地、原告住所地、標的物所在地等與爭議有實際聯系的地點的人民法院管轄，但不得違反本法對級別管轄和專屬管轄的規定。
Article 34 The parties to a dispute over contract or other property rights and interests may agree in writing to be subject to the jurisdiction of the people's court in the place having actual connection with the dispute, such as where the defendant is domiciled, where the contract is performed, where the contract is signed, where the plaintiff is domiciled or where the subject matter is located, etc., provided that the provisions of this Law regarding court-level jurisdictions and exclusive jurisdictions are not violated.
第三十五條 兩個以上人民法院都有管轄權的訴訟，原告可以向其中一個人民法院起訴；原告向兩個以上有管轄權的人民法院起訴的，由最先立案的人民法院管轄。
Article 35 When two or more people's courts have jurisdiction over a lawsuit, the plaintiff may bring his lawsuit in one of these people's courts; if the plaintiff brings the lawsuit in two or more people's courts that have jurisdiction over the lawsuit, the people's court in which the case was first entertained shall have jurisdiction.
第三節 移送管轄和指定管轄
Section 3 Transfer and Designation of Jurisdiction
第三十六條 人民法院發現受理的案件不屬於本院管轄的，應當移送有管轄權的人民法院，受移送的人民法院應當受理。受移送的人民法院認為受移送的案件依照規定不屬於本院管轄的，應當報請上級人民法院指定管轄，不得再自行移送。
Article 36 If a people's court finds that a case it has entertained is not under its jurisdiction, it shall refer the case to the people's court that has jurisdiction over the case. The people's court to which a case has been referred shall entertain the case, and if it considers that, according to the relevant regulations, the case referred to it is not under its jurisdiction, it shall report to a superior people's court for the designation of jurisdiction and shall not independently refer the case again to another people's court.
第三十七條 有管轄權的人民法院由於特殊原因，不能行使管轄權的，由上級人民法院指定管轄。
Article 37 If a people's court which has jurisdiction over a case is unable to exercise the jurisdiction for special reasons, a people's court at a higher level shall designate another court to exercise jurisdiction.
人民法院之間因管轄權發生爭議，由爭議雙方協商解決；協商解決不了的，報請它們的共同上級人民法院指定管轄。
In the event of a jurisdictional dispute between two or more people's courts, it shall be resolved by the disputing parties through consultation; if the dispute cannot be so resolved, it shall be reported to their common superior people's court for the designation of jurisdiction.
第三十八條 上級人民法院有權審理下級人民法院管轄的第一審民事案件；確有必要將本院管轄的第一審民事案件交下級人民法院審理的，應當報請其上級人民法院批準。
Article 38 The people's courts at higher levels shall have the power to try civil cases over which the people's courts at lower levels have jurisdiction as courts of first instance; where it is really necessary for a people's court at a higher level to transfer civil cases over which it has jurisdiction as courts of first instance to people's courts at lower levels for trial, a report shall be made to the people's court at a higher level for approval.
下級人民法院對它所管轄的第一審民事案件，認為需要由上級人民法院審理的，可以報請上級人民法院審理。
If a people's court at a lower level that has jurisdiction over a civil case as court of first instance deems it necessary to have the case to be tried by a people's court at a higher level, it may request that such people's court try the case.
第三章 審判組織
Chapter 3 Trial Organizations
第三十九條 人民法院審理第一審民事案件，由審判員、陪審員共同組成合議庭或者由審判員組成合議庭。合議庭的成員人數，必須是單數。
Article 39 The people's court of first instance shall try civil cases by a collegial panel composed of both judges and jurors or of judges alone. The number of members of a collegial panel must be odd.
適用簡易程序審理的民事案件，由審判員一人獨任審理。
Civil cases to which the summary procedure applies shall be tried by a single judge alone.
陪審員在執行陪審職務時，與審判員有同等的權利義務。
When performing their duties, the jurors shall have the same rights and obligations as the judges.
第四十條 人民法院審理第二審民事案件，由審判員組成合議庭。合議庭的成員人數，必須是單數。
Article 40 The people's court of second instance shall try civil cases by a collegial panel of judges. The number of members of a collegial panel must be odd.
發回重審的案件，原審人民法院應當按照第一審程序另行組成合議庭。
When remanding a case for retrial, the people's court that originally tried the case shall form a new collegiate bench in accordance with the procedure at first instance.
審理再審案件，原來是第一審的，按照第一審程序另行組成合議庭；原來是第二審的或者是上級人民法院提審的，按照第二審程序另行組成合議庭。
If a case for retrial was originally tried at first instance, a new collegial panel shall be formed according to the procedure of first instance; if the case was originally tried at second instance or was brought by a people's court at a higher level to it for trial, a new collegial panel shall be formed according to the procedure of second instance.
第四十一條 合議庭的審判長由院長或者庭長指定審判員一人擔任；院長或者庭長參加審判的，由院長或者庭長擔任。
Article 41 The president of the court or the chief judge of a division of the court shall designate a judge to serve as the presiding judge of the collegial panel; if the president or the chief judge participates in the trial, he himself shall serve as the presiding judge.
第四十二條 合議庭評議案件，實行少數服從多數的原則。評議應當制作筆錄，由合議庭成員簽名。評議中的不同意見，必須如實記入筆錄。
Article 42 When deliberating a case, a collegial panel shall observe the rule of majority. The deliberations shall be recorded in writing, and the transcript shall be signed by the members of the collegial panel. Dissenting opinions in the deliberations must be recorded accurately.
第四十三條 審判人員應當依法秉公辦案。
Article 43 The judicial officers shall deal with all cases impartially and in accordance with the law.
審判人員不得接受當事人及其訴訟代理人請客送禮。
Judicial officers may not accept invitations to meals or gifts from the parties or their agents ad litem.
審判人員有貪汙受賄，徇私舞弊，枉法裁判行為的，應當追究法律責任；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。
Any judicial officer who commits embezzlement, accepts bribes, engages in malpractice for personal benefits or who perverts the law in passing judgment shall be investigated for legal responsibility; if the act constitutes a crime, the offender shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to the law.
第四章 回 避
Chapter 4 Withdrawal
第四十四條 審判人員有下列情形之一的，應當自行回避，當事人有權用口頭或者書面方式申請他們回避：
Article 44 Any member of the judicial officers under any of the following circumstances shall withdraw from the case, and the parties shall also have the right to request, orally or in writing, for the withdrawal of such a judicial officer from the case:
（一）是本案當事人或者當事人、訴訟代理人近親屬的；
1. the judicial officer is a party or a close relative of a party or an agent ad litem to the case;
（二）與本案有利害關系的；
(II) He is an interested party to the case;
（三）與本案當事人、訴訟代理人有其他關系，可能影響對案件公正審理的。
3. the judicial officer has some other relationship with a party or agent ad litem to the case, which may affect the impartial trial of the case.
審判人員接受當事人、訴訟代理人請客送禮，或者違反規定會見當事人、訴訟代理人的，當事人有權要求他們回避。
Where a judge has accepted treats or gifts from a litigant or an agent ad litem, or met with a litigant or an agent ad litem in violation of the provisions, the litigants shall have the right to request for abstention of the judge.
審判人員有前款規定的行為的，應當依法追究法律責任。
Any member of the judicial officers that commits any of the violations stipulated in the preceding paragraph shall have his or her legal liabilities investigated for according to the law.
前三款規定，適用於書記員、翻譯人員、鑒定人、勘驗人。
The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs shall apply to court clerks, interpreters, examiners and inspectors.
第四十五條 當事人提出回避申請，應當說明理由，在案件開始審理時提出；回避事由在案件開始審理後知道的，也可以在法庭辯論終結前提出。
Article 45 In applying for the withdrawal, the party shall state the reason and submit the application at the beginning of the proceedings; the application may also be submitted before the closing of arguments in court if the reason for the withdrawal is known to him only after the proceedings begin.
被申請回避的人員在人民法院作出是否回避的決定前，應當暫停參與本案的工作，但案件需要采取緊急措施的除外。
Pending a decision by the people's court regarding the withdrawal applied for, the judicial officer concerned shall temporarily suspend his participation in the proceedings, with the exception, however, of cases that require the taking of emergency measures.
第四十六條 院長擔任審判長時的回避，由審判委員會決定；審判人員的回避，由院長決定；其他人員的回避，由審判長決定。
Article 46 The withdrawal of the president of the court serving as the chief judge shall be decided by the court's adjudication committee. The withdrawal of a member of the judicial personnel shall be decided by the president of the court. The withdrawal of other personnel shall be decided by the chief judge.
第四十七條 人民法院對當事人提出的回避申請，應當在申請提出的三日內，以口頭或者書面形式作出決定。申請人對決定不服的，可以在接到決定時申請複議一次。複議期間，被申請回避的人員，不停止參與本案的工作。人民法院對複議申請，應當在三日內作出複議決定，並通知複議申請人。
Article 47 The decision of a people's court on an application made by any party for withdrawal shall be made orally or in writing within three days after the application was made. If the applicant is not satisfied with the decision, he may apply for reconsideration which could be granted only once. During the reconsideration, the challenged person shall not suspend service in the case. The decision of a people's court on the reconsideration shall be made within three days after receiving the application and the applicant shall be notified of it accordingly.
第五章 訴訟參加人
Chapter 5 Participants in Legal Actions
第一節 當事人
Section 1 Parties
第四十八條 公民、法人和其他組織可以作為民事訴訟的當事人。
Article 48 Any citizen, legal person and any other organization may become a party to a civil action.
法人由其法定代表人進行訴訟。其他組織由其主要負責人進行訴訟。
Legal persons shall be represented in litigation by their legal representatives. Other organizations shall be represented in litigation by their principal heads.
第四十九條 當事人有權委托代理人，提出回避申請，收集、提供證據，進行辯論，請求調解，提起上訴，申請執行。
Article 49 Parties shall have the right to appoint agents, to request for the withdrawal of judicial officers, to collect and present evidence, to engage in arguments in court, to request for mediation, to file appeals and to apply for execution.
當事人可以查閱本案有關材料，並可以複制本案有關材料和法律文書。查閱、複制本案有關材料的範圍和辦法由最高人民法院規定。
Parties to an action may have access to materials pertaining to the case and make copies thereof and other legal documents pertaining to the case. The scope and methods for inspection and replication of the relevant materials of cases shall be stipulated by the Supreme People's Court.
當事人必須依法行使訴訟權利，遵守訴訟秩序，履行發生法律效力的判決書、裁定書和調解書。
Parties to an action must exercise their litigation rights in accordance with the law, observe the procedures and carry out legally effective judgments, rulings and mediation statements.
第五十條 雙方當事人可以自行和解。
Article 50 The two parties may reach a compromise of their own accord.
第五十一條 原告可以放棄或者變更訴訟請求。被告可以承認或者反駁訴訟請求，有權提起反訴。
Article 51 A plaintiff may waive or modify his claims. The defendant may admit or rebut the claims and shall have the right to file counterclaims.
第五十二條 當事人一方或者雙方為二人以上，其訴訟標的是共同的，或者訴訟標的是同一種類、人民法院認為可以合並審理並經當事人同意的，為共同訴訟。
Article 52 When one party or both parties consist of two or more than two persons, their object of action being the same or of the same category and the people's court considers that, with the consent of the parties, the action can be tried as a joint action.
共同訴訟的一方當事人對訴訟標的有共同權利義務的，其中一人的訴訟行為經其他共同訴訟人承認，對其他共同訴訟人發生效力；對訴訟標的沒有共同權利義務的，其中一人的訴訟行為對其他共同訴訟人不發生效力。
If a party of two or more persons to a joint action have common rights and obligations with respect to the object of action and the act of any one of them is recognized by the others of the party, such an act shall be valid for all the rest of the party; if a party of two or more persons have no common rights and obligations with respect to the object of action, the act of any one of them shall not be valid for the rest.
第五十三條 當事人一方人數眾多的共同訴訟，可以由當事人推選代表人進行訴訟。代表人的訴訟行為對其所代表的當事人發生效力，但代表人變更、放棄訴訟請求或者承認對方當事人的訴訟請求，進行和解，必須經被代表的當事人同意。
Article 53 If the persons comprising a party to a joint action is large in number, the party may elect representatives from among themselves to act for them in the litigation. The acts of such representatives in the litigation shall be valid for the party they represent. However, modification or waiver of claims or admission of the claims of the other party or pursuing a compromise with the other party by the representatives shall be subject to the consent of the party they represent.
第五十四條 訴訟標的是同一種類、當事人一方人數眾多在起訴時人數尚未確定的，人民法院可以發出公告，說明案件情況和訴訟請求，通知權利人在一定期間向人民法院登記。
Article 54 Where the object of action is of the same category and the persons comprising one of the parties is large but uncertain in number at the commencement of the action, the people's court may issue a public notice, stating the particulars and claims of the case and informing those entitled to participate in the action to register their rights with the people's court within a fixed period of time.
向人民法院登記的權利人可以推選代表人進行訴訟；推選不出代表人的，人民法院可以與參加登記的權利人商定代表人。
Claimants who have registered with the people's court may elect a representative to engage in litigation; if no such representative can be elected, the people's court may discuss with the registered claimants in determining on such representative.
代表人的訴訟行為對其所代表的當事人發生效力，但代表人變更、放棄訴訟請求或者承認對方當事人的訴訟請求，進行和解，必須經被代表的當事人同意。
The acts of such representatives in the litigation shall be valid for the party they represent. However, modification or waiver of claims or admission of the claims of the other party or pursuing a compromise with the other party by the representatives shall be subject to the consent of the party they represent.
人民法院作出的判決、裁定，對參加登記的全體權利人發生效力。未參加登記的權利人在訴訟時效期間提起訴訟的，適用該判決、裁定。
The judgments or written orders rendered by the people's court shall be valid for all those who have registered their rights with the court. Such judgments or written orders shall apply to those who have not registered their rights but have instituted legal proceedings during period of limitation of the action.
第五十五條 對汙染環境、侵害眾多消費者合法權益等損害社會公共利益的行為，法律規定的機關和有關組織可以向人民法院提起訴訟。
Article 55 For acts which harm public interest such as environmental pollution, infringement of the legitimate rights and interests of multiple consumers, etc, the authorities stipulated by the law and the relevant organisations may file a lawsuit with a People's Court.
人民檢察院在履行職責中發現破壞生態環境和資源保護、食品藥品安全領域侵害眾多消費者合法權益等損害社會公共利益的行為，在沒有前款規定的機關和組織或者前款規定的機關和組織不提起訴訟的情況下，可以向人民法院提起訴訟。前款規定的機關或者組織提起訴訟的，人民檢察院可以支持起訴。
In the event that a people's procuratorate finds any act that does harm to the protection of the ecological environment and resources, any practice in the food and drug field that infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, or any other practice that damages the social benefits of the masses, while performing its duties and functions, it may file an action to the people's court, provided that there is no such organ or institution specified in the preceding paragraph or the organ or institution specified in the preceding paragraph decides not to bring a lawsuit. Where the organ or institution specified in the preceding paragraph files a lawsuit, the people's procuratorate may give endorsement to such lawsuit.
第五十六條 對當事人雙方的訴訟標的，第三人認為有獨立請求權的，有權提起訴訟。
Article 56 If a third party considers that he has an independent claim to the object of action of both parties, he shall have the right to bring an action.
對當事人雙方的訴訟標的，第三人雖然沒有獨立請求權，但案件處理結果同他有法律上的利害關系的，可以申請參加訴訟，或者由人民法院通知他參加訴訟。人民法院判決承擔民事責任的第三人，有當事人的訴訟權利義務。
If a third party has no independent claim against the object of an action of two parties but the outcome of the case will affect his or her legal interests, he or she may apply to participate in the proceedings or the people's court shall notify him or her requesting his or her participation. A third party that is to bear civil liability in accordance with the judgment of the people's court shall be entitled to the rights and obligations of a party in litigation.
前兩款規定的第三人，因不能歸責於本人的事由未參加訴訟，但有證據證明發生法律效力的判決、裁定、調解書的部分或者全部內容錯誤，損害其民事權益的，可以自知道或者應當知道其民事權益受到損害之日起六個月內，向作出該判決、裁定、調解書的人民法院提起訴訟。人民法院經審理，訴訟請求成立的，應當改變或者撤銷原判決、裁定、調解書；訴訟請求不成立的，駁回訴訟請求。
Where a third party stipulated in the two preceding paragraphs cannot participate in the lawsuit due to a reason not attributable to him/her, but there is evidence to prove that part or all of the contents of the judgment, ruling or mediation letter which has taken legal effect is wrong and harm (s) his/her civil rights and interests, he/she may file a lawsuit with the People's Court which has issued the said judgment, ruling or mediation letter within six months from the date on which he/she becomes aware or should have become aware that his/her civil rights and interests are harmed. After the People's Court has tried the lawsuit and held that the claim is justified, the People's Court shall amend or revoke the original judgment, ruling or mediation letter; where the claim is groundless, the claim shall be thrown out.
第二節 訴訟代理人
Section 2 Entrusted Agents
第五十七條 無訴訟行為能力人由他的監護人作為法定代理人代為訴訟。法定代理人之間互相推诿代理責任的，由人民法院指定其中一人代為訴訟。
Article 57 Any person with no legal capacity to engage in litigation shall have his guardian or guardians as statutory agents to act for him in a lawsuit. If the statutory agents try to shift responsibility as agents ad litem upon one another, the people's court shall appoint one of them to represent the person in litigation.
第五十八條 當事人、法定代理人可以委托一至二人作為訴訟代理人。
Article 58 A party or statutory agent may appoint one or two persons to act as his or her agent ad litem (s).
下列人員可以被委托為訴訟代理人：
The following persons may be entrusted as agents ad litem:
（一）律師、基層法律服務工作者；
1. lawyers and law service providers at the grass-roots level;
（二）當事人的近親屬或者工作人員；
2. close relatives or employees of the parties; and
（三）當事人所在社區、單位以及有關社會團體推薦的公民。
3. citizens recommended by the community where the party resides, the employer of the party or any other social organization concerned.
第五十九 條 委托他人代為訴訟，必須向人民法院提交由委托人簽名或者蓋章的授權委托書。
Article 59 When a person appoints another to act on his behalf in litigation, he must submit to the people's court a power of attorney bearing his signature or seal.
授權委托書必須記明委托事項和權限。訴訟代理人代為承認、放棄、變更訴訟請求，進行和解，提起反訴或者上訴，必須有委托人的特別授權。
The Power of Attorney must specify the subject matter and authority. An agent ad litem must obtain special powers from his principal to admit, waive or modify claims, or to compromise or to file a counterclaim or an appeal.
僑居在國外的中華人民共和國公民從國外寄交或者托交的授權委托書，必須經中華人民共和國駐該國的使領館證明；沒有使領館的，由與中華人民共和國有外交關系的第三國駐該國的使領館證明，再轉由中華人民共和國駐該第三國使領館證明，或者由當地的愛國華僑團體證明。
A power of attorney mailed or delivered through others by a citizen of the People's Republic of China residing abroad must be certified by the Chinese embassy or consulate accredited to that country. If there is no Chinese embassy or consulate in that country, the power of attorney must be certified by an embassy or a consulate of a third country accredited to that country that has diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and then transmitted for authentication to the embassy or consulate of the People's Republic of China accredited to that third country, or it must be certified by a local patriotic overseas Chinese organization.
第六十條 訴訟代理人的權限如果變更或者解除，當事人應當書面告知人民法院，並由人民法院通知對方當事人。
Article 60 A party to an action shall inform the people's court in writing if he changes or revokes the powers of an agent ad litem, and the court shall notify the other party of the change or revocation.
第六十一條 代理訴訟的律師和其他訴訟代理人有權調查收集證據，可以查閱本案有關材料。查閱本案有關材料的範圍和辦法由最高人民法院規定。
Article 61 A lawyer who serves as an agent ad litem and other agents ad litem shall have the right to investigate and collect evidence, and may have access to materials pertaining to the case. The scope of and rules for consulting materials pertaining to the case shall be specified by the Supreme People's Court.
第六十二條 離婚案件有訴訟代理人的，本人除不能表達意思的以外，仍應出庭；確因特殊情況無法出庭的，必須向人民法院提交書面意見。
Article 62 In a divorce case in which the parties to the action have been represented by their agents ad litem, the parties themselves shall still appear in court in person, unless they are incapable of expressing their opinions. A party who is truly unable to appear in court due to a special reason shall submit his views in writing to the people's court.
第六章 證 據
Chapter 6 EVIDENCE
第六十三條 證據包括：
Article 63 The evidence shall include:
（一）當事人的陳述；
1. statements of the parties;
（二）書證；
(II) documentary evidence;
（三）物證；
(III) physical evidence;
（四）視聽資料；
(IV) audio-visual materials;
（五）電子數據；
(V) electronic data;
（六）證人證言；
(VI) testimony of witnesses;
（七）鑒定意見；
(VII) expert opinions; and
（八）勘驗筆錄。
(VIII) records of inspections and examinations.
證據必須查證屬實，才能作為認定事實的根據。
Evidence must be verified before it can be taken as a basis for ascertaining a fact.
第六十四條 當事人對自己提出的主張，有責任提供證據。
Article 64 Litigants shall be responsible for providing evidence for their assertions.
當事人及其訴訟代理人因客觀原因不能自行收集的證據，或者人民法院認為審理案件需要的證據，人民法院應當調查收集。
If, for objective reasons, a party and his agent ad litem are unable to collect the evidence by themselves or if the people's court considers the evidence necessary for the trial of the case, the people's court shall investigate and collect it.
人民法院應當按照法定程序，全面地、客觀地審查核實證據。
A people's court shall comprehensively and objectively examine and verify the evidence according to the statutory procedures.
第六十五條 當事人對自己提出的主張應當及時提供證據。
Article 65 Litigants shall promptly provide evidence for their assertions.
人民法院根據當事人的主張和案件審理情況，確定當事人應當提供的證據及其期限。當事人在該期限內提供證據確有困難的，可以向人民法院申請延長期限，人民法院根據當事人的申請適當延長。當事人逾期提供證據的，人民法院應當責令其說明理由；拒不說明理由或者理由不成立的，人民法院根據不同情形可以不予采納該證據，或者采納該證據但予以訓誡、罰款。
A People's Court shall determine the evidence to be provided by a litigant and the deadline thereof pursuant to the litigant's assertion and the status of trial of case. Where it is genuinely difficult for a litigant to provide evidence within the stipulated period, the litigant may apply to the People's Court for an extension of time, the People's Court shall grant an appropriate extension based on the litigant's application. Where a litigant provides evidence beyond the deadline, the People's Court shall order the litigant to state the reason; where the litigant refuses to state the reason or the reason is groundless, the People's Court may decide on non-admission of the evidence based on different circumstances, or adopt the evidence but impose a reprimand or fine.
第六十六條 人民法院收到當事人提交的證據材料，應當出具收據，寫明證據名稱、頁數、份數、原件或者複印件以及收到時間等，並由經辦人員簽名或者蓋章。
Article 66 A People's Court shall issue a receipt for evidential materials submitted by a litigant, stating the description of the evidence, number of pages, number of copies, original copy or photocopy and time of receipt, etc, and the receipt shall be signed or sealed by the handling officer.
第六十七條 人民法院有權向有關單位和個人調查取證，有關單位和個人不得拒絕。
Article 67 The people's court shall have the right to make investigation and collect evidence from the relevant units or individuals; such units or individuals may not refuse to provide information and evidence.
人民法院對有關單位和個人提出的證明文書，應當辨別真偽，審查確定其效力。
The people's court shall verify the authenticity, examine and determine the validity of the certifying documents provided by the relevant units or individuals.
第六十八條 證據應當在法庭上出示，並由當事人互相質證。對涉及國家秘密、商業秘密和個人隱私的證據應當保密，需要在法庭出示的，不得在公開開庭時出示。
Article 68 Evidence shall be presented in court and cross-examined by the parties concerned. But evidence that involves State secrets, trade secrets and personal privacy shall be kept confidential. If it needs to be presented in court, such evidence shall not be presented in an open court session.
第六十九條 經過法定程序公證證明的法律事實和文書，人民法院應當作為認定事實的根據，但有相反證據足以推翻公證證明的除外。
Article 69 The people's court shall take the legal facts and documents notarized according to legal procedures as its basis for ascertaining facts, unless there is evidence to the contrary sufficient to invalidate the notarization.
第七十條 書證應當提交原件。物證應當提交原物。提交原件或者原物確有困難的，可以提交複制品、照片、副本、節錄本。
Article 70 Any document submitted as evidence must be the original. Original physical evidence shall be submitted. If it is truly difficult to present the original document or thing, then reproductions, photographs, duplicates or extracts of the original may be submitted.
提交外文書證，必須附有中文譯本。
Documentary evidence in a foreign language must be accompanied by a Chinese translation.
第七十一條 人民法院對視聽資料，應當辨別真偽，並結合本案的其他證據，審查確定能否作為認定事實的根據。
Article 71 The people's court shall verify audio-visual materials and determine after their examination in the light of other evidence in the case whether they can be taken as a basis for ascertaining the facts.
第七十二條 凡是知道案件情況的單位和個人，都有義務出庭作證。有關單位的負責人應當支持證人作證。
Article 72 All units and individuals who have knowledge of a case shall be under the obligation of giving testimony in court. The persons in charge of the relevant units shall support the witnesses in testifying.
不能正確表達意思的人，不能作證。
He who cannot express himself properly cannot testify.
第七十三條 經人民法院通知，證人應當出庭作證。有下列情形之一的，經人民法院許可，可以通過書面證言、視聽傳輸技術或者視聽資料等方式作證：
Article 73 Upon notification by a People's Court, a witness shall testify in court. Under any of the following circumstances, upon consent by the People's Court, a witness may testify by way of written testimony, audio-visual transmission technique or audio-visual materials, etc:
（一）因健康原因不能出庭的；
1. unable to appear in court due to health problems;
（二）因路途遙遠，交通不便不能出庭的；
(II) unable to appear in court due to geographical distance or inconvenient transportation;
（三）因自然災害等不可抗力不能出庭的；
(III) unable to attend court due to force majeure such as natural disasters;
（四）其他有正當理由不能出庭的。
(IV) unable to appear in court due to any other legitimate reasons.
第七十四條 證人因履行出庭作證義務而支出的交通、住宿、就餐等必要費用以及誤工損失，由敗訴一方當事人負擔。當事人申請證人作證的，由該當事人先行墊付；當事人沒有申請，人民法院通知證人作證的，由人民法院先行墊付。
Article 74 The requisite transportation, accommodation and meal expenses incurred by a witness for performance of the obligation to testify in court and losses from absent from work shall be borne by the litigant who lost in the lawsuit. Where a litigant applies for a witness to testify, the litigant shall make advance payment; where a litigant does not make an application and the People's Court notifies a witness to testify, the People's Court shall make advance payment.
第七十五條 人民法院對當事人的陳述，應當結合本案的其他證據，審查確定能否作為認定事實的根據。
Article 75 The people's court shall examine the statements of the parties concerned in the light of other evidence in the case to determine whether the statements can be taken as a basis for ascertaining the facts.
當事人拒絕陳述的，不影響人民法院根據證據認定案件事實。
The refusal of a party to make statements shall not prevent the people's court from ascertaining the facts of a case on the basis of other evidence.
第七十六條 當事人可以就查明事實的專門性問題向人民法院申請鑒定。當事人申請鑒定的，由雙方當事人協商確定具備資格的鑒定人；協商不成的，由人民法院指定。
Article 76 A litigant may apply to the People's Court for examination in respect of specialised issues pertaining to ascertainment of facts. Where a litigant applies for examination, both parties to the lawsuit shall discuss and appoint a qualified examiner; where the discussion is unsuccessful, the People's Court shall appoint an examiner.
當事人未申請鑒定，人民法院對專門性問題認為需要鑒定的，應當委托具備資格的鑒定人進行鑒定。
Where a litigant does not apply for examination, but the People's Court deemed that examination of specialised issues is necessary, the People's Court shall entrust a qualified examiner to carry out examination.
第七十七條 鑒定人有權了解進行鑒定所需要的案件材料，必要時可以詢問當事人、證人。
Article 77 An expert has the right to consult the materials necessary for the examination and may question parties and witnesses where it is necessary.
鑒定人應當提出書面鑒定意見，在鑒定書上簽名或者蓋章。
An examiner shall issue a written examination opinion signed or sealed by the examiner.
第七十八條 當事人對鑒定意見有異議或者人民法院認為鑒定人有必要出庭的，鑒定人應當出庭作證。經人民法院通知，鑒定人拒不出庭作證的，鑒定意見不得作為認定事實的根據；支付鑒定費用的當事人可以要求返還鑒定費用。
Article 78 Where a litigant disagrees with the examination opinion or the People's Court deemed that it is necessary for the examiner to be present in court, the examiner shall testify in court. Upon notification by the People's Court, where the examiner refuses to testify in court, the examination opinion shall not be used as the basis for ascertainment of facts; a litigant who has paid for examination expenses may require a refund of the examination expenses.
第七十九條 當事人可以申請人民法院通知有專門知識的人出庭，就鑒定人作出的鑒定意見或者專業問題提出意見。
Article 79 A litigant may apply to the People's Court to notify a person with expertise to be present in court to give opinion on the expert opinion of the examiner or a specialised issue.
第八十條 勘驗物證或者現場，勘驗人必須出示人民法院的證件，並邀請當地基層組織或者當事人所在單位派人參加。當事人或者當事人的成年家屬應當到場，拒不到場的，不影響勘驗的進行。
Article 80 When inspecting material evidence or a site, the inspector must produce his credentials issued by a people's court. He shall request the local grass-roots organization or the unit to which the party to the action belongs to send persons to participate in the inspection. The party concerned or an adult member of his family shall be present; their refusal to appear on the scene, however, shall not hinder the inspection.
有關單位和個人根據人民法院的通知，有義務保護現場，協助勘驗工作。
Upon notification by the people's court, the relevant units and individuals shall be under the obligation of preserving the scene and assisting the examination work.
勘驗人應當將勘驗情況和結果制作筆錄，由勘驗人、當事人和被邀參加人簽名或者蓋章。
An inspector shall make a written record of the circumstances and results of the inspection, which shall be signed or sealed by the inspector, the party to the case and the participants invited.
第八十一條 在證據可能滅失或者以後難以取得的情況下，當事人可以在訴訟過程中向人民法院申請保全證據，人民法院也可以主動采取保全措施。
Article 81 Where there is a possibility that evidence may be destroyed or lost or be difficult to obtain later on, a party may apply to the people's court for preservation of the evidence. The people's court may also on its own initiative take measures to preserve such evidence.
因情況緊急，在證據可能滅失或者以後難以取得的情況下，利害關系人可以在提起訴訟或者申請仲裁前向證據所在地、被申請人住所地或者對案件有管轄權的人民法院申請保全證據。
Under urgent circumstances where the evidence may be lost or it may be difficult to obtain the evidence in future, a stakeholder may apply to the People's Court at the location of the evidence or the respondent's domicile or the People's Court which has jurisdiction for the case for preservation of evidence prior to filing of lawsuit or application for arbitration.
證據保全的其他程序，參照適用本法第九章保全的有關規定。
The relevant provisions of Chapter 9 of this Law on preservation shall apply to other procedures for preservation of evidence as reference.
第七章 期間、送達
Chapter 7 Time Periods, Service
第一節 期 間
Section 1 Time Periods
第八十二條 期間包括法定期間和人民法院指定的期間。
Article 82 Time periods shall include those prescribed by the law and those designated by a people's court.
期間以時、日、月、年計算。期間開始的時和日，不計算在期間內。
Time periods shall be calculated by the hour, the day, the month and the year. The hour and day from which a time period begins shall not be counted as within the time period.
期間屆滿的最後一日是節假日的，以節假日後的第一日為期間屆滿的日期。
If the last day of a time period falls on a holiday, the day immediately following the holiday shall be the last day of the time period.
期間不包括在途時間，訴訟文書在期滿前交郵的，不算過期。
A time period shall not include transit time. A litigation document that is mailed before the deadline shall not be regarded as overdue.
第八十三條 當事人因不可抗拒的事由或者其他正當理由耽誤期限的，在障礙消除後的十日內，可以申請順延期限，是否準許，由人民法院決定。
Article 83 In case of failure on the part of a party to an action to meet a deadline due to force majeure or for other justified reasons, the party concerned may apply for an extension of the time limit within 10 days after the obstacle is removed. The extension applied for shall be subject to approval by a people's court.
第二節 送 達
Section 2 Delivered
第八十四條 送達訴訟文書必須有送達回證，由受送達人在送達回證上記明收到日期，簽名或者蓋章。
Article 84 A receipt shall be required for every litigation document that is served and it shall bear the date of receipt noted by the signature or seal of the person on whom the document was served.
受送達人在送達回證上的簽收日期為送達日期。
The date signed by the person served on the acknowledgement of service shall be the date of service.
第八十五條 送達訴訟文書，應當直接送交受送達人。受送達人是公民的，本人不在交他的同住成年家屬簽收；受送達人是法人或者其他組織的，應當由法人的法定代表人、其他組織的主要負責人或者該法人、組織負責收件的人簽收；受送達人有訴訟代理人的，可以送交其代理人簽收；受送達人已向人民法院指定代收人的，送交代收人簽收。
Article 85 A procedural document shall be served directly on the person to be served. If that person is a citizen, the documents shall, in case of his absence, be receipted by an adult member of his family living with him. If the person on whom they are to be served is a legal person or any other organization, the documents shall be receipted by the legal representatives of the legal person or the principal heads of the other organization or anyone of the legal person or the other organization responsible for receiving such documents; if the person on whom they are to be served has an agent ad litem, the documents may be receipted by the agent ad litem; if the person on whom they are to be served has designated a person to receive litigation documents on his behalf and has informed the people's court of it, the documents may be receipted by the person designated.
受送達人的同住成年家屬，法人或者其他組織的負責收件的人，訴訟代理人或者代收人在送達回證上簽收的日期為送達日期。
The date of the signature for receipt as entered on the acknowledgement of service by an adult family member of the person to be served who is living with such person, by the legal person's or organization's person in charge of receiving documents, by the agent ad litem or by the agent designated to receive documents shall be the date of service.
第八十六條 受送達人或者他的同住成年家屬拒絕接收訴訟文書的，送達人可以邀請有關基層組織或者所在單位的代表到場，說明情況，在送達回證上記明拒收事由和日期，由送達人、見證人簽名或者蓋章，把訴訟文書留在受送達人的住所；也可以把訴訟文書留在受送達人的住所，並采用拍照、錄像等方式記錄送達過程，即視為送達。
Article 86 If the person on whom the litigation documents are to be served or the adult family member living with him refuses to receive the documents, the person serving the documents may ask representatives from the relevant grass-roots organization or the unit to which the person on whom the documents are to be served belongs to appear on the scene, explain the situation to them, and record the date and reasons of the refusal on the receipt. After the person serving the documents and the witnesses have affixed their signatures or seals to the receipt, the documents may be left at the domicile of the person on whom they are to be served; if the person serving the documents may also leave the documents at the domicile of the person on whom they are to be served and record the process of service by such means as taking photographs or videotaping, the documents shall be deemed to have been served.
第八十七條 經受送達人同意，人民法院可以采用傳真、電子郵件等能夠確認其收悉的方式送達訴訟文書，但判決書、裁定書、調解書除外。
Article 87 Upon consent by the party being served, the People's Court may adopt a method which can confirm receipt such as facsimile, email, etc for service of litigation documents, except for judgment letter, ruling letter or mediation letter.
采用前款方式送達的，以傳真、電子郵件等到達受送達人特定系統的日期為送達日期。
Where the service is made by means of the preceding paragraph, the date on which the facsimile or email reaches the specific system of the recipient shall be the date of service.
第八十八條 直接送達訴訟文書有困難的，可以委托其他人民法院代為送達，或者郵寄送達。郵寄送達的，以回執上注明的收件日期為送達日期。
Article 88 If direct service proves to be difficult, service of litigation documents may be entrusted to another people's court, or done by mail. If sent by post, the date on the receipt shall be deemed to be the date of delivery.
第八十九條 受送達人是軍人的，通過其所在部隊團以上單位的政治機關轉交。
Article 89 If the person on whom the litigation documents are to be served is a serviceman, the documents shall be forwarded to him through the political organ of the unit at or above the regimental level in the force to which he belongs.
第九十條 受送達人被監禁的，通過其所在監所轉交。
Article 90 Where the party being served is under imprisonment, the documents shall be served through the prison in which he/she is being confined.
受送達人被采取強制性教育措施的，通過其所在強制性教育機構轉交。
Where the party being served is subject to mandatory education measures, the documents shall be served through the mandatory education institution in which he/she is confined.
第九十一條 代為轉交的機關、單位收到訴訟文書後，必須立即交受送達人簽收，以在送達回證上的簽收日期，為送達日期。
Article 91 The organization or unit that receives the litigation documents to be forwarded must immediately deliver them to and have them receipted by the person on whom they are to be served. The date stated on the receipt shall be deemed the date of service of the documents.
第九十二條 受送達人下落不明，或者用本節規定的其他方式無法送達的，公告送達。自發出公告之日起，經過六十日，即視為送達。
Article 92 If the whereabouts of the person on whom the litigation documents are to be served is unknown, or if the documents cannot be served by the other methods specified in this Section, the documents shall be served by public announcement. Sixty days after the public announcement is made, the documents shall be deemed to have been delivered.
公告送達，應當在案卷中記明原因和經過。
The reasons for service by public announcement and the process gone through shall be recorded in the case files.
第八章 調 解
Chapter 8 Conciliation
第九十三條 人民法院審理民事案件，根據當事人自願的原則，在事實清楚的基礎上，分清是非，進行調解。
Article 93 In the trial of civil cases, the people's court shall distinguish between right and wrong on the basis of the facts being clear and conduct conciliation between the parties on a voluntary basis.
第九十四條 人民法院進行調解，可以由審判員一人主持，也可以由合議庭主持，並盡可能就地進行。
Article 94 When a people's court conducts conciliation, a single judge or a collegial panel may preside over it. Conciliation shall be conducted on the spot as much as possible.
人民法院進行調解，可以用簡便方式通知當事人、證人到庭。
When conducting mediation, a people's court may use simplified methods to notify the parties and witnesses to appear in court.
第九十五條 人民法院進行調解，可以邀請有關單位和個人協助。被邀請的單位和個人，應當協助人民法院進行調解。
Article 95 When conducting mediation, a people's court may request for the assistance of relevant units and individuals. The units or individuals invited shall assist the people's court in conciliation.
第九十六條 調解達成協議，必須雙方自願，不得強迫。調解協議的內容不得違反法律規定。
Article 96 A mediation agreement shall be reached by the parties voluntarily and shall not be coerced. The contents of a mediation agreement shall not violate the provisions of the law.
第九十七條 調解達成協議，人民法院應當制作調解書。調解書應當寫明訴訟請求、案件的事實和調解結果。
Article 97 When a mediation agreement is reached, the people's court shall prepare a written mediation statement. The mediation letter shall state the claim (s), the facts of the case and the mediation outcome.
調解書由審 判人員、書記員署名，加蓋人民法院印章，送達雙方當事人。
The written mediation statement shall be signed by the judicial officers and the court clerk, be affixed with the seal of the people's court and shall be served on both parties.
調解書經雙方當事人簽收後，即具有法律效力。
The mediation agreement shall take legal effect after both parties sign the receipt thereof.
第九十八條 下列案件調解達成協議，人民法院可以不制作調解書：
Article 98 The people's court need not prepare a written mediation statement in the following types of cases when an agreement is reached through mediation:
（一）調解和好的離婚案件；
1. divorce cases in which the parties have become reconciled through mediation;
（二）調解維持收養關系的案件；
2. cases in which an adoptive relationship has been maintained through mediation; and
（三）能夠即時履行的案件；
3. cases in which the claims can be immediately performed; and
（四）其他不需要制作調解書的案件。
(IV) other cases that do not require written mediation statements.
對不需要制作調解書的協議，應當記入筆錄，由雙方當事人、審判人員、書記員簽名或者蓋章後，即具有法律效力。
Any settlement agreement that does not require a written mediation statement shall be entered into the written record and shall become legally effective after being signed or sealed by both parties, the judge and the court clerk.
第九十九條 調解未達成協議或者調解書送達前一方反悔的，人民法院應當及時判決。
Article 99 If no agreement is reached through mediation or if one party backs out of the settlement agreement before the mediation statement is served, the people's court shall render a judgment without delay.
第九章 保全和先予執行
Chapter 9 Preservation and Prior Enforcement
第一百條 人民法院對於可能因當事人一方的行為或者其他原因，使判決難以執行或者造成當事人其他損害的案件，根據對方當事人的申請，可以裁定對其財產進行保全、責令其作出一定行為或者禁止其作出一定行為；當事人沒有提出申請的，人民法院在必要時也可以裁定采取保全措施。
Article 100 For cases in which the action of a party to the lawsuit or any other reason causes difficulty in enforcement of a judgment or causes other harm to the litigants, a People's Court may, pursuant to an application by a counterparty litigant, rule on preservation of its property or order the counterparty to undertake certain acts or prohibit the counterparty to undertake certain acts; where the litigants do not make an application, a People's Court may rule that preservation measures be adopted where necessary.
人民法院采取保全措施，可以責令申請人提供擔保，申請人不提供擔保的，裁定駁回申請。
A People's Court adopting preservation measures may order the applicant to provide guarantee, where the applicant does not provide guarantee, the People's Court shall rule that the application be thrown out.
人民法院接受申請後，對情況緊急的，必須在四十八小時內作出裁定；裁定采取保全措施的，應當立即開始執行。
Upon acceptance of an application, the People's Court shall make a ruling within 48 hours under urgent circumstances; where the People's Court rules that preservation measures be adopted, the ruling shall be forthwith enforced.
第一百零一條 利害關系人因情況緊急，不立即申請保全將會使其合法權益受到難以彌補的損害的，可以在提起訴訟或者申請仲裁前向被保全財產所在地、被申請人住所地或者對案件有管轄權的人民法院申請采取保全措施。申請人應當提供擔保，不提供擔保的，裁定駁回申請。
Article 101 In the event of urgent circumstances where the legitimate rights and interests of a stakeholder will be subject to irreparable damages if the stakeholder does not forthwith apply for preservation, the stakeholder may, prior to filing of lawsuit or application for arbitration, apply to the People's Court at the location of the properties to be preserved or the respondent's domicile or a People's Court which has jurisdiction for the case for adoption of preservation measures. The applicant shall provide security; if it fails to do so, the people's court shall reject its application.
人民法院接受申請後，必須在四十八小時內作出裁定；裁定采取保全措施的，應當立即開始執行。
The people's court must render a ruling within 48 hours of acceptance of the application. The implementation of preservation measures shall commence promptly upon the rendering of a ruling adopting such measures.
申請人在人民法院采取保全措施後三十日內不依法提起訴訟或者申請仲裁的，人民法院應當解除保全。
Where the applicant failed to file a lawsuit or apply for arbitration pursuant to the law within 30 days from adoption of preservation measures by the People's Court, the People's Court shall lift the preservation.
第一百零二條 保全限於請求的範圍，或者與本案有關的財物。
Article 102 Preservation shall be limited to the scope under the application or to the property related to the case in question.
第一百零三條 財產保全采取查封、扣押、凍結或者法律規定的其他方法。人民法院保全財產後，應當立即通知被保全財產的人。
Article 103 Property may be preserved by means of sealing up, distraining, freezing or other methods as prescribed by the law. After the property is preserved, the people's court shall immediately notify the person whose property is preserved of the same.
財產已被查封、凍結的，不得重複查封、凍結。
Property that has already been seized or frozen may not be seized or frozen again.
第一百零四條 財產糾紛案件，被申請人提供擔保的，人民法院應當裁定解除保全。
Article 104 Where the respondent of a property dispute case provides guarantee, the People's Court shall rule that preservation be lifted.
第一百零五條 申請有錯誤的，申請人應當賠償被申請人因保全所遭受的損失。
Article 105 If an application is wrongfully made, the applicant shall compensate the person against whom the application is made for any loss incurred as a result of the preservation of property.
第一百零六條 人民法院對下列案件，根據當事人的申請，可以裁定先予執行：
Article 106 Upon the request of a party, a people's court may make a ruling for preliminary execution in the following cases:
（一）追索贍養費、扶養費、撫育費、撫恤金、醫療費用的；
1. those involving claims for overdue alimony, maintenance, child support, pensions for the disabled or the family of the deceased, or medical expenses;
（二）追索勞動報酬的；
2. those involving claims for remuneration for labour; and
（三）因情況緊急需要先予執行的。
(III) those involving urgent circumstances that require advance execution.
第一百零七條 人民法院裁定先予執行的，應當符合下列條件：
Article 107 Cases in which advance execution is ordered by a people's court shall meet the following conditions:
（一）當事人之間權利義務關系明確，不先予執行將嚴重影響申請人的生活或者生產經營的；
1. the relationship of rights and obligations between the parties is clear and definite, and denial of advance execution would seriously affect the livelihood or production operations of the applicant; and
（二）被申請人有履行能力。
(II) the respondent is capable of performance.
人民法院可以責令申請人提供擔保，申請人不提供擔保的，駁回申請。申請人敗訴的，應當賠償被申請人因先予執行遭受的財產損失。
The people's court may order the applicant to provide security. If the applicant fails to provide security, his application shall be rejected. If the applicant loses the lawsuit, he shall compensate the person against whom the application is made for any loss of property incurred from the preliminary execution.
第一百零八條 當事人對保全或者先予執行的裁定不服的，可以申請複議一次。複議期間不停止裁定的執行。
Article 108 If the party concerned is not satisfied with the order made on preservation or execution, he may apply for reconsideration which could be granted only once. Enforcement of the ruling shall not be suspended during the review period.
第十章 對妨害民事訴訟的強制措施
Chapter 10 Compulsory Measures against Obstruction of Civil Actions
第一百零九條 人民法院對必須到庭的被告，經兩次傳票傳喚，無正當理由拒不到庭的，可以拘傳。
Article 109 If a defendant is required to appear in court, but, having been served twice with summons, still refuses to do so without justified reason, the people's court may constrain him to appear in court by a peremptory writ.
第一百一十條 訴訟參與人和其他人應當遵守法庭規則。
Article 110 Participants in actions and other persons shall comply with court rules.
人民法院對違反法庭規則的人，可以予以訓誡，責令退出法庭或者予以罰款、拘留。
Persons who violate court rules may be reprimanded, ordered to leave the court, fined or detained by the people's court.
人民法院對哄鬧、沖擊法庭，侮辱、誹謗、威脅、毆打審判人員，嚴重擾亂法庭秩序的人，依法追究刑事責任；情節較輕的，予以罰款、拘留。
Persons who seriously disrupt court order by making noises or creating uproar in the courtroom, or by insulting, slandering, threatening, or assaulting judicial officers, shall be prosecuted by the people's court in accordance with the law. In less serious cases, such persons may be fined or detained.
第一百一十一條 訴訟參與人或者其他人有下列行為之一的，人民法院可以根據情節輕重予以罰款、拘留；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任：
Article 111 If a participant in an action or another person commits any of the following acts, the people's court may fine him or detain him according to the seriousness of the case; if the act constitutes a crime, the person shall be prosecuted in accordance with the law:
（一）偽造、毀滅重要證據，妨礙人民法院審理案件的；
1. forging or destroying important evidence, thereby obstructing the trial of the case by the people's court;
（二）以暴力、威脅、賄買方法阻止證人作證或者指使、賄買、脅迫他人作偽證的；
2. using violence, threats or subornation to prevent witnesses from giving testimony, or instigating, suborning, or coercing others to commit perjury; and
（三）隱藏、轉移、變賣、毀損已被查封、扣押的財產，或者已被清點並責令其保管的財產，轉移已被凍結的財產的；
(III) concealing, transferring, selling or destroying property that has been sealed up or distrained, or that has been inventoried and placed in his custody by order, or transferring property that has been frozen;
（四）對司法工作人員、訴訟參加人、證人、翻譯人員、鑒定人、勘驗人、協助執行的人，進行侮辱、誹謗、誣陷、毆打或者打擊報複的；
(IV) insulting, slandering, falsely incriminating, battering or retaliating against judicial personnel, participants in the action, witnesses, interpreters, expert witnesses, inspectors, or personnel assisting in execution;
（五）以暴力、威脅或者其他方法阻礙司法工作人員執行職務的；
(V) using violence, threats or other methods to obstruct judicial personnel from performing their duties;
（六）拒不履行人民法院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定的。
(VI) refusing to perform a legally effective judgment or ruling of the people's court.
人民法院對有前款規定的行為之一的單位，可以對其主要負責人或者直接責任人員予以罰款、拘留；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。
With respect to a unit that commits any one of the acts specified above, the people's court may impose a fine on or detain its principal heads or the persons who are held actually responsible for the act; if the act constitutes a crime, investigations for criminal responsibility shall be made according to the law.
第一百一十二條 當事人之間惡意串通，企圖通過訴訟、調解等方式侵害他人合法權益的，人民法院應當駁回其請求，並根據情節輕重予以罰款、拘留；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。
Article 112 Where the litigants have conspired to attempt to harm the legitimate rights and interests of others through litigation, mediation, etc, the People's Court shall reject their request and impose a fine or detention based on the extent of the circumstances; where the case constitutes a criminal offence, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law.
第一百一十三條 被執行人與他人惡意串通，通過訴訟、仲裁、調解等方式逃避履行法律文書確定的義務的，人民法院應當根據情節輕重予以罰款、拘留；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。
Article 113 Where an enforcee has conspired with others to evade performance of the obligations stipulated in the legal documents through litigation, arbitration, mediation, etc, the People's Court shall impose a fine or detention based on the extent of the circumstances; where the case constitutes a criminal offence, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law.
第一百一十四條 有義務協助調查、執行的單位有下列行為之一的，人民法院除責令其履行協助義務外，並可以予以罰款：
Article 114 If any of the following units under an obligation to assist in investigation and execution commits any of the following acts, the people's court may, in addition to ordering it to perform its obligation to assist, impose a fine:
（一）有關單位拒絕或者妨礙人民法院調查取證的；
1. relevant entities refuse or obstruct the investigation or evidence collection by the people's court;
（二）有關單位接到人民法院協助執行通知書後，拒不協助查詢、扣押、凍結、劃撥、變價財產的；
2. relevant units that refuse to assist with the inquiry, seizure, freezing, allocation or appraisal of property after receiving the notice of the people's court requiring such assistance;
（三）有關單位接到人民法院協助執行通知書後，拒不協助扣留被執行人的收入、辦理有關財產權證照轉移手續、轉交有關票證、證照或者其他財產的；
(III) relevant units that, after receiving a notice from the people's court to assist in execution, refuse to assist in withholding the income of the person subject to execution, in going through the formalities of transferring the relevant title deeds, or in passing on the relevant negotiable instruments, certificates, or other property; or
（四）其他拒絕協助執行的。
(IV) other units that refuse to assist in execution.
人民法院對有前款規定的行為之一的單位，可以對其主要負責人或者直接責任人員予以罰款；對仍不履行協助義務的，可以予以拘留；並可以向監察機關或者有關機關提出予以紀律處分的司法建議。
With respect to a unit that commits any one of the acts specified above, the people's court may impose a fine on its principal heads or the persons who are held actually responsible for the act; it may also detain them if they still refuse to perform the obligation to provide assistance; and it may, in addition, put forward a judicial proposal to the supervisory organ or any relevant organ that disciplinary sanctions are imposed on them.
第一百一十五條 對個人的罰款金額，為人民幣十萬元以下。對單位的罰款金額，為人民幣五萬元以上一百萬元以下。
Article 115 A fine on an individual shall not exceed CNY100 ,000. A fine on a unit shall not be less than 50,000 yuan and shall not exceed one million yuan.
拘留的期限，為十五日以下。
The detention period shall not exceed 15 days.
被拘留的人，由人民法院交公安機關看管。在拘留期間，被拘留人承認並改正錯誤的，人民法院可以決定提前解除拘留。
The people's court shall deliver detained persons to a public security organ for custody. Where a detainee admits and makes correction during the detention period, the People's Court may decide to terminate the detention prematurely.
第一百一十六條 拘傳、罰款、拘留必須經院長批準。
Article 116 Issuance of warrant, fine or detention shall be subject to approval by the head of the court.
拘傳應當發拘傳票。
A summons shall be issued to require a party's appearance in court.
罰款、拘留應當用決定書。對決定不服的，可以向上一級人民法院申請複議一次。複議期間不停止執行。
Written decisions shall be issued for the imposition of fines and detention. A person who disagrees with a decision may apply once to the higher-level People's Court for review. The execution of the decision shall not be suspended during the period of reconsideration.
第一百一十七條 采取對妨害民事訴訟的強制措施必須由人民法院決定。任何單位和個人采取非法拘禁他人或者非法私自扣押他人財產追索債務的，應當依法追究刑事責任，或者予以拘留、罰款。
Article 117 Decision on the adoption of compulsory measures against obstruction of proceedings shall be made only by the people's court. Any unit or individual that extorts repayment of a debt by illegal detention of a person or illegal distrainment of property shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to the law, or shall be detained or fined.
第十一章 訴訟費用
Chapter 11 Cost of Proceedings
第一百一十八條 當事人進行民事訴訟，應當按照規定交納案件受理費。財產案件除交納案件受理費外，並按照規定交納其他訴訟費用。
Article 118 Any party filing a civil lawsuit shall pay court costs according to the rules. For property cases, the party shall pay other fees in addition to the court costs.
當事人交納訴訟費用確有困難的，可以按照規定向人民法院申請緩交、減交或者免交。
If a party truly has difficulty in paying court costs, it may, in accordance with regulations, apply to the people's court for deferment, reduction or exemption of payment.
收取訴訟費用的辦法另行制定。
Measures governing the collection of court costs shall be formulated separately.
第二編 審判程序
Part II Trial Procedure
第十二章 第一審普通程序
Chapter 12 Ordinary Procedure at First Instance
第一節 起訴和受理
Section 1 COMPLAINT AND FORUM
第一百一十九條 起訴必須符合下列條件：
Article 119 To institute an action, the following conditions must be satisfied:
（一）原告是與本案有直接利害關系的公民、法人和其他組織；
1. the plaintiff must be a citizen, legal person or other organization with a direct interest in the case;
（二）有明確的被告；
2. there must be a definite defendant;
（三）有具體的訴訟請求和事實、理由；
(III) there are specific claims and facts and reasons;
（四）屬於人民法院受理民事訴訟的範圍和受訴人民法院管轄。
(IV) the suit must fall within the range of civil actions accepted by the people's courts and within the jurisdiction of the people's court with which it is filed.
第一百二十條 起訴應當向人民法院遞交起訴狀，並按照被告人數提出副本。
Article 120 When instituting an action, a statement of claim shall be submitted to the people's court, together with a number of copies corresponding to the number of defendants.
書寫起訴狀確有困難的，可以口頭起訴，由人民法院記入筆錄，並告知對方當事人。
If the plaintiff has genuine difficulty in presenting the statement of complaint in writing, he may state his complaint orally; the people's court shall transcribe the complaint and inform the other party of it accordingly.
第一百二十一條 起訴狀應當記明下列事項：
Article 121 A statement of claim shall specify the following matters:
（一）原告的姓名、性別、年齡、民族、職業、工作單位、住所、聯系方式，法人或者其他組織的名稱、住所和法定代表人或者主要負責人的姓名、職務、聯系方式；
1. the name, gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, employer, domicile and contact information of the plaintiff, the name and domicile of the legal person or other organization and the name, title and contact information of the legal representative or principal responsible person thereof;
（二）被告的姓名、性別、工作單位、住所等信息，法人或者其他組織的名稱、住所等信息；
2. the name, gender, employer, domicile and other information of the defendant, or the name, domicile and other information of the legal person or other organizations;
（三）訴訟請求和所根據的事實與理由；
(III) the claim and its supporting facts and grounds; and
（四）證據和證據來源，證人姓名和住所。
(IV) evidence and the source thereof, and the names and domiciles of witnesses.
第一百二十二條 當事人起訴到人民法院的民事糾紛，適宜調解的，先行調解，但當事人拒絕調解的除外。
Article 122 Where mediation is appropriate in a civil dispute instituted by a party to a people's court, the parties shall first go through mediation, except where they refuse mediation.
第一百二十三條 人民法院應當保障當事人依照法律規定享有的起訴權利。對符合本法第一百一十九條的起訴，必須受理。符合起訴條件的，應當在七日內立案，並通知當事人；不符合起訴條件的，應當在七日內作出裁定書，不予受理；原告對裁定不服的，可以提起上訴。
Article 123 The people's courts shall protect the rights of the parties to file lawsuits in accordance with the law. Lawsuits which comply with Article 119 of this Law shall be accepted. A People's Court shall establish a case file for a lawsuit which satisfies the prosecution criteria within seven days and notify the litigants; where the prosecution criteria are not satisfied, the People's Court shall issue a ruling letter on non-acceptance of lawsuit within seven days; where the Plaintiff disagrees with the ruling, the Plaintiff may file an appeal.
第一百二十四條 人民法院對下列起訴，分別情形，予以處理：
Article 124 The people's courts shall handle the following actions according to the specific circumstances of the individual cases:
（一）依照行政訴訟法的規定，屬於行政訴訟受案範圍的，告知原告提起行政訴訟；
1. where an action falls within the scope of cases that may be accepted as administrative actions under the Administrative Procedure Law, the plaintiff shall be notified that he should institute an administrative action;
（二）依照法律規定，雙方當事人達成書面仲裁協議申請仲裁、不得向人民法院起訴的，告知原告向仲裁機構申請仲裁；
(II) if the parties to a contract for arbitration reach a written arbitration agreement and apply for arbitration according to the law, they shall inform the parties that they should apply for arbitration to the arbitration institution;
（三）依照法律規定，應當由其他機關處理的爭議，告知原告向有關機關申請解決；
3. if the law provides that the dispute shall be handled by another organ, the plaintiff shall be notified that he should apply to the relevant organ for settlement;
（四）對不屬於本院管轄的案件，告知原告向有管轄權的人民法院起訴；
(IV) if the action does not come under the jurisdiction of the court with which it is filed, the plaintiff shall be notified that he should file the action with the competent people's court;
（五）對判決、裁定、調解書已經發生法律效力的案件，當事人又起訴的，告知原告申請再審，但人民法院準許撤訴的裁定除外；
(V) where a party to a case in which the judgment, ruling or mediation letter has come into legal effect files a lawsuit again, the People's Court shall notify the plaintiff to apply for re-trial, except for a ruling where the People's Court grants withdrawal of lawsuit;
（六）依照法律規定，在一定期限內不得起訴的案件，在不得起訴的期限內起訴的，不予受理；
(VI) if, in accordance with the law, an action may not be filed within a specified period; otherwise, the case shall not be accepted; and
（七）判決不準離婚和調解和好的離婚案件，判決、調解維持收養關系的案件，沒有新情況、新理由，原告在六個月內又起訴的，不予受理。
(VII) in a divorce case in which a judgment has been made disallowing the divorce, or in which both parties have become reconciled after conciliation, or in a case concerning adoptive relationship in which a judgment has been made to maintain or maintain the adoptive relationship through conciliation, if the plaintiff files a suit again within six months in the absence of any new developments or new reasons, it shall not be entertained.
第二節 審理前的準備
Section 2 Preparations for Trial
第一百二十五條 人民法院應當在立案之日起五日內將起訴狀副本發送被告，被告應當在收到之日起十五日內提出答辯狀。答辯狀應當記明被告的姓名、性別、年齡、民族、職業、工作單位、住所、聯系方式；法人或者其他組織的名稱、住所和法定代表人或者主要負責人的姓名、職務、聯系方式。人民法院應當在收到答辯狀之日起五日內將答辯狀副本發送原告。
Article 125 A people's court shall send a copy of a bill of complaint to the defendant within five days of accepting a case for hearing and the defendant shall file a bill of defence within 15 days of receiving a copy of the bill of complaint. The pleadings shall state the name, gender, age, race, occupation, employer, address and contact details of the Defendant; the name and address of the legal person or other organisation and the name, designation and contact details of the legal representative or the key person-in-charge. The people's court shall send a copy of the bill of defence to the plaintiff within five days of receiving it.
被告不提出答辯狀的，不影響人民法院審理。
Failure by the defendant to submit a defence shall not affect the trial of the case by the people's court.
第一百二十六條 人民法院對決定受理的案件，應當在受理案件通知書和應訴通知書中向當事人告知有關的訴訟權利義務，或者口頭告知。
Article 126 The people's court shall, with respect to cases whose acceptance has been decided, inform the parties in the notification of acceptance and in the notification calling for responses to the action of their relevant litigation rights and obligations of which the parties may likewise be informed orally.
第一百二十七條 人民法院受理案件後，當事人對管轄權有異議的，應當在提交答辯狀期間提出。人民法院對當事人提出的異議，應當審查。異議成立的，裁定將案件移送有管轄權的人民法院；異議不成立的，裁定駁回。
Article 127 If a party to an action objects to the jurisdiction of a people's court after the court has entertained the case, the party must raise the objection within the period prescribed for the submission of defence. The People's Court shall examine the objection. If the objection is established, the people's court shall order the case to be transferred to the people's court that has jurisdiction over it; if not, the people's court shall reject it.
當事人未提出管轄異議，並應訴答辯的，視為受訴人民法院有管轄權，但違反級別管轄和專屬管轄規定的除外。
Where the litigants do not raise any objection to jurisdiction and respond with pleadings, the litigants shall be deemed to acknowledge that the People's Court which accepts the lawsuit has jurisdiction, except where the provisions on grade jurisdiction and exclusive jurisdiction are violated.
第一百二十八條 合議庭組成人員確定後，應當在三日內告知當事人。
Article 128 The parties shall be notified within three days after the members of the collegial panel are determined.
第一百二十九條 審判人員必須認真審核訴訟材料，調查收集必要的證據。
Article 129 The judicial officers must carefully examine and verify the case materials and carry out investigations and collection of necessary evidence.
第一百三十條 人民法院派出人員進行調查時，應當向被調查人出示證件。
Article 130 Personnel sent by a people's court to conduct investigations shall produce their credentials before the person to be investigated.
調查筆錄經被調查人校閱後，由被調查人、調查人簽名或者蓋章。
The written record of the investigation shall be checked by the person investigated and then signed or sealed by both the investigator and the investigated.
第一百三十一條 人民法院在必要時可以委托外地人民法院調查。
Article 131 When necessary, a people's court may entrust a people's court in another locality with an investigation.
委托調查，必須提出明確的項目和要求。受委托人民法院可以主動補充調查。
The entrusting people's court shall clearly set out the matters for and requirements of the entrusted investigations. The entrusted People's Court may voluntarily conduct supplementary investigation.
受委托人民法院收到委托書後，應當在三十日內完成調查。因故不能完成的，應當在上述期限內函告委托人民法院。
The entrusted people's court shall complete the investigations within 30 days after receiving the commission in writing. If for some reason it cannot complete the investigations, the said people's court shall notify the entrusting people's court in writing within the above-mentioned time limit.
第一百三十二條 必須共同進行訴訟的當事人沒有參加訴訟的，人民法院應當通知其參加訴訟。
Article 132 If a party who must participate in a joint action fails to participate in the action, the people's court shall notify him to participate.
第一百三十三條 人民法院對受理的案件，分別情形，予以處理：
Article 133 People's courts shall handle accepted cases according to the specific circumstances of each case:
（一）當事人沒有爭議，符合督促程序規定條件的，可以轉入督促程序；
1. If the parties do not raise any objection, and the case meets the requirements prescribed in the procedure for the recovery of debts, the procedure for the recovery of debts may be initiated on the case;
（二）開庭前可以調解的，采取調解方式及時解決糾紛；
(II) If mediation is appropriate for a case before the hearing of the case begins, the dispute shall be settled through mediation in a timely manner;
（三）根據案件情況，確定適用簡易程序或者普通程序；
(III) Based on the circumstances of the case, determine whether to apply the summary procedure or ordinary procedure;
（四）需要開庭審理的，通過要求當事人交換證據等方式，明確爭議焦點。
(IV) If it is necessary to hold a hearing, the focus of dispute in the case shall be determined by ordering the parties to exchange evidence.
第三節 開庭審理
Section 3 Hearing
第一百三十四條 人民法院審理民事案件，除涉及國家秘密、個人隱私或者法律另有規定的以外，應當公開進行。
Article 134 People's Courts shall try civil cases openly, except where State secrets or personal privacy is involved or otherwise stipulated by the law.
離婚案件，涉及商業秘密的案件，當事人申請不公開審理的，可以不公開審理。
A divorce case or a case involving trade secrets may not be heard in public if a party so requests.
第一百三十五條 人民法院審理民事案件，根據需要進行巡回審理，就地辦案。
Article 135 In trying civil cases, the people's courts shall conduct circuit trials to handle cases on the spot when necessary.
第一百三十六條 人民法院審理民事案件，應當在開庭三日前通知當事人和其他訴訟參與人。公開審理的，應當公告當事人姓名、案由和開庭的時間、地點。
Article 136 For civil cases, the people's court shall notify the parties and other participants in the proceedings three days before the opening of a court session. If the case is to be tried in public, the names of the parties, the cause of action and the time and place of the court session shall be announced publicly.
第一百三十七條 開庭審理前，書記員應當查明當事人和其他訴訟參與人是否到庭，宣布法庭紀律。
Article 137 Before a court session is called to order, the court clerk shall ascertain whether or not the parties and other participants in the proceedings are present and announce the rules of order of the court.
開庭審理時，由審判長核對當事人，宣布案由，宣布審判人員、書記員名單，告知當事人有關的訴訟權利義務，詢問當事人是否提出回避申請。
At the opening of a trial hearing, the presiding judge shall check the parties present, announce the cause of action and the names of the judicial officers and court clerks, advise the parties of their procedural rights and obligations and inquire whether the parties wish to challenge any judicial officers.
第一百三十八條 法庭調查按照下列順序進行：
Article 138 Court investigations shall be conducted in the following order:
（一）當事人陳述；
1. statements of the parties concerned;
（二）告知證人的權利義務，證人作證，宣讀未到庭的證人證言；
2. informing the witnesses of their rights and obligations, giving testimony by the witnesses and reading of the written statements of absentee witnesses;
（三）出示書證、物證、視聽資料和電子數據；
(III) presentation of documentary evidence, physical evidence, audio-visual material and electronic data;
（四）宣讀鑒定意見；
(IV) reading out expert opinions; and
（五）宣讀勘驗筆錄。
(V) reading out the record of the inquest.
第一百三十九條 當事人在法庭上可以提出新的證據。
Article 139 The parties may introduce new evidence during a court session.
當事人經法庭許可，可以向證人、鑒定人、勘驗人發問。
With the permission of the court, the parties may put questions to witnesses, expert witnesses and inspectors.
當事人要求重新進行調查、鑒定或者勘驗的，是否準許，由人民法院決定。
Any request by the parties for a new investigation, expert evaluation or inspection shall be subject to the approval of the people's court.
第一百四十條 原告增加訴訟請求，被告提出反訴，第三人提出與本案有關的訴訟請求，可以合並審理。
Article 140 Additional claims by the plaintiff, counterclaims by the defendant and third-party claims related to the case may be tried in combination.
第一百四十一條 法庭辯論按照下列順序進行：
Article 141 Court debates shall be conducted in the following order:
（一）原告及其訴訟代理人發言；
1. The plaintiff and his agent ad litem make statements;
（二）被告及其訴訟代理人答辯；
2. defense by the defendant and his agent ad litem;
（三）第三人及其訴訟代理人發言或者答辯；
(III) statement or response by the third party and his agent ad litem;
（四）互相辯論。
4. The parties debate with each other.
法庭辯論終結，由審判長按照原告、被告、第三人的先後順序征詢各方最後意見。
At the end of the court debate, the presiding judge shall first seek the final opinion of the plaintiff, then the defendant and then the third party.
第一百四十二條 法庭辯論終結，應當依法作出判決。判決前能夠調解的，還可以進行調解，調解不成的，應當及時判決。
Article 142 At the end of the court debate, a judgment shall be made according to the law. Where conciliation is possible before the rendering of a judgment, conciliation efforts may be made; if conciliation proves to be unsuccessful, a judgment shall be made without delay.
第一百四十三條 原告經傳票傳喚，無正當理由拒不到庭的，或者未經法庭許可中途退庭的，可以按撤訴處理；被告反訴的，可以缺席判決。
Article 143 If a plaintiff, having been served with a summons, refuses to appear in court without justified reasons, or if he withdraws during a court session without the permission of the court, the case may be considered as withdrawn by him; if the defendant files a counterclaim in the mean time, the court may make a judgment by default.
第一百四十四條 被告經傳票傳喚，無正當理由拒不到庭的，或者未經法庭許可中途退庭的，可以缺席判決。
Article 144 If a defendant, having been served with a summons, refuses to appear in court without justified reasons, or if he withdraws during a court session without the permission of the court, the court may make a judgment by default.
第一百四十五條 宣判前，原告申請撤訴的，是否準許，由人民法院裁定。
Article 145 If a plaintiff applies for withdrawal of action before judgment is pronounced, the people's court shall decide on the application.
人民法院裁定不準許撤訴的，原告經傳票傳喚，無正當理由拒不到庭的，可以缺席判決。
If withdrawal of the case is not allowed by an order of the people's court, and the plaintiff, having been served with a summons, refuses to appear in court without justified reasons, the people's court may make a judgment by default.
第一百四十六條 有下列情形之一的，可以延期開庭審理：
Article 146 A trial hearing may be adjourned in any of the following circumstances:
（一）必須到庭的當事人和其他訴訟參與人有正當理由沒有到庭的；
1. the parties and other participants in the action required to appear in court fail to do so with proper cause;
（二）當事人臨時提出回避申請的；
2. a party extemporarily challenges adjudication personnel;
（三）需要通知新的證人到庭，調取新的證據，重新鑒定、勘驗，或者需要補充調查的；
3. it is necessary to summon new witnesses, collect new evidence, make a new expert evaluation, new inspection, or to make a supplementary investigation; or
（四）其他應當延期的情形。
(IV) Other circumstances under which the hearing should be postponed.
第一百四十七條 書記員應當將法庭審理的全部活動記入筆錄，由審判人員和書記員簽名。
Article 147 The court clerk shall make a written record of the entire court proceedings, which shall be signed by him and the judicial officers.
法庭筆錄應當當庭宣讀，也可以告知當事人和其他訴訟參與人當庭或者在五日內閱讀。當事人和其他訴訟參與人認為對自己的陳述記錄有遺漏或者差錯的，有權申請補正。如果不予補正，應當將申請記錄在案。
The court record shall be read out in court or the parties and other participants in the action may be notified to read the court record in court or within five days. If they consider that there are omissions or errors in the record of their statements, the parties or other participants in the proceedings shall have the right to apply for rectifications. If such rectifications are not made, the application shall be placed on record in the case file.
法庭筆錄由當事人和其他訴訟參與人簽名或者蓋章。拒絕簽名蓋章的，記明情況附卷。
The court record shall be signed or sealed by the parties and other participants in the proceedings. Refusal to do so shall be put on record in the case file.
第一百四十八條 人民法院對公開審理或者不公開審理的案件，一律公開宣告判決。
Article 148 The people's court shall publicly pronounce its judgment in all cases, whether publicly tried or not.
當庭宣判的，應當在十日內發送判決書；定期宣判的，宣判後立即發給判決書。
If a judgment is pronounced in court, the written judgment shall be issued and delivered within ten days. If a judgment is pronounced later on a fixed date, the written judgment shall be issued and given immediately after the pronouncement.
宣告判決時，必須告知當事人上訴權利、上訴期限和上訴的法院。
Upon pronouncement of a judgment, the parties must be advised of their right to appeal, the time limit for appeal and the court to which they may appeal.
宣告離婚判決，必須告知當事人在判決發生法律效力前不得另行結婚。
Upon pronouncement of a divorce judgment, the parties must be informed that they may not remarry before the judgment takes legal effect.
第一百四十九條 人民法院適用普通程序審理的案件，應當在立案之日起六個月內審結。有特殊情況需要延長的，由本院院長批準，可以延長六個月；還需要延長的，報請上級人民法院批準。
Article 149 A people's court trying a case in which the ordinary procedure is followed, shall conclude the case within six months after docketing the case. Where there is a need for extension of time under special circumstances, the approval of the president of the court is required, an extension of time of six months may be granted; where there is a need for further extension of time, approval of the higher-level People's Court is required.
第四節 訴訟中止和終結
Section 4 Suspension and Termination of Proceedings
第一百五十條 有下列情形之一的，中止訴訟：
Article 150 An action shall be suspended in any of the following circumstances:
（一）一方當事人死亡，需要等待繼承人表明是否參加訴訟的；
1. One of the parties dies and it is necessary to wait for his successor to state whether he will participate in the litigation or not;
（二）一方當事人喪失訴訟行為能力，尚未確定法定代理人的；
2. One of the parties has lost the capacity to engage in litigation and his statutory agent has not been determined yet;
（三）作為一方當事人的法人或者其他組織終止，尚未確定權利義務承受人的；
3. the legal person or other organization acting as one of the parties has terminated, and the successor to its rights and obligations has not been determined yet; or
（四）一方當事人因不可抗拒的事由，不能參加訴訟的；
(IV) one of the parties is unable to participate in the action due to force majeure;
（五）本案必須以另一案的審理結果為依據，而另一案尚未審結的；
(V) the case must be based on the results of the trial of another case that has not yet been concluded; or
（六）其他應當中止訴訟的情形。
(VI) Other circumstances where the litigation shall be suspended.
中止訴訟的原因消除後，恢複訴訟。
The proceedings shall resume after the causes of the suspension have been eliminated.
第一百五十一條 有下列情形之一的，終結訴訟：
Article 151 An action shall be terminated in any of the following circumstances:
（一）原告死亡，沒有繼承人，或者繼承人放棄訴訟權利的；
1. the plaintiff dies without a successor, or the successor waives the right to litigate;
（二）被告死亡，沒有遺產，也沒有應當承擔義務的人的；
2. the decedent leaves no estate, nor anyone to succeed to his obligations;
（三）離婚案件一方當事人死亡的；
3. one of the parties in a divorce case dies; or
（四）追索贍養費、扶養費、撫育費以及解除收養關系案件的一方當事人死亡的。
(IV) one of the parties in a case involving claims for overdue alimony, maintenance, child support or the termination of an adoptive relationship dies.
第五節 判決和裁定
Section 5 Judgments and Orders
第一百五十二條 判決書應當寫明判決結果和作出該判決的理由。判決書內容包括：
Article 152 A judgment letter shall state the outcome of the judgment and the reason for making the judgment. The contents of a judgment letter shall include:
（一）案由、訴訟請求、爭議的事實和理由；
1. the cause of action, the claims, the facts and cause or causes of the dispute;
（二）判決認定的事實和理由、適用的法律和理由；
2. the facts and reasons ascertained by the judgment and the applicable laws and reasons;
（三）判決結果和訴訟費用的負擔；
(III) the outcome of the judgment and the apportionment of court costs; and
（四）上訴期間和上訴的法院。
(IV) the time limit for appeal and the court with which an appeal should be lodged.
判決書由審判人員、書記員署名，加蓋人民法院印章。
A judgment letter shall be signed by the judge (s) and the court clerk, and affixed with the People's Court's seal.
第一百五十三條 人民法院審理案件，其中一部分事實已經清楚，可以就該部分先行判決。
Article 153 If some of the facts in a case being tried are already evident, the people's court may pass judgment on that part of the case first.
第一百五十四條 裁定適用於下列範圍：
Article 154 Rulings shall be applicable to the following:
（一）不予受理；
1. Not accepting the application;
（二）對管轄權有異議的；
2. There are objections to the jurisdiction;
（三）駁回起訴；
(III) Dismissing the case;
（四）保全和先予執行；
(IV) preservation and preliminary execution;
（五）準許或者不準許撤訴；
(V) Permitting or not permitting withdrawal of the lawsuit;
（六）中止或者終結訴訟；
(VI) suspension or termination of an action;
（七）補正判決書中的筆誤；
(VII) correction of clerical errors in a judgment;
（八）中止或者終結執行；
(VIII) suspension or termination of execution;
（九）撤銷或者不予執行仲裁裁決；
(IX) revocation or non-enforcement of the arbitral award; or
（十）不予執行公證機關賦予強制執行效力的債權文書；
(X) refusal to enforce a document on creditor's rights that has been rendered enforceable by a notary public;
（十一）其他需要裁定解決的事項。
(XI) Other matters that need to be judged and resolved.
對前款第一項至第三項裁定，可以上訴。
An appeal may be lodged against a ruling on the matters under Item 1 to Item 3 of the preceding paragraph.
裁定書應當寫明裁定結果和作出該裁定的理由。裁定書由審判人員、書記員署名，加蓋人民法院印章。口頭裁定的，記入筆錄。
A ruling letter shall state the ruling outcome and the reason for making the ruling. An order in writing shall be signed by the judicial officers and the court clerk, with the seal of the people's court affixed to it. A verbal ruling shall be recorded in writing.
第一百五十五條 最高人民法院的判決、裁定，以及依法不準上訴或者超過上訴期沒有上訴的判決、裁定，是發生法律效力的判決、裁定。
Article 155 All judgments and written orders of the Supreme People's Court, as well as judgments and written orders that may not be appealed against according to the law or that have not been appealed against within the prescribed time limit, shall be legally effective.
第一百五十六條 公眾可以查閱發生法律效力的判決書、裁定書，但涉及國家秘密、商業秘密和個人隱私的內容除外。
Article 156 The public may inspect judgments and rulings which have come into legal effect, except where the contents involve State secrets, commercial secrets and personal privacy.
第十三章 簡易程序
Chapter 13 Summary Procedure
第一百五十七條 基層人民法院和它派出的法庭審理事實清楚、權利義務關系明確、爭議不大的簡單的民事案件，適用本章規定。
Article 157 When trying simple civil cases in which the facts are evident, the rights and obligations clear and the disputes trivial in character, the basic people's courts and the tribunals dispatched by them shall apply the provisions of this Chapter.
基層人民法院和它派出的法庭審理前款規定以外的民事案件，當事人雙方也可以約定適用簡易程序。
When trying civil cases other than those stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the grassroots People's Court and its branches may agree on application of simplified procedures.
第一百五十八條 對簡單的民事案件，原告可以口頭起訴。
Article 158 In simple civil cases, the plaintiff may lodge his complaint orally.
當事人雙方可以同時到基層人民法院或者它派出的法庭，請求解決糾紛。基層人民法院或者它派出的法庭可以當即審理，也可以另定日期審理。
Both parties may simultaneously appear before a basic people's court or a tribunal dispatched by it to request settlement of their dispute. The basic people's court or the tribunal dispatched by it may try the case immediately or set a date for the trial.
第一百五十九條 基層人民法院和它派出的法庭審理簡單的民事案件，可以用簡便方式傳喚當事人和證人、送達訴訟文書、審理案件，但應當保障當事人陳述意見的權利。
Article 159 Grassroots People's Courts and their branches trying simple civil cases may summon the litigants and witnesses, serve litigation documents and try the cases via simple and convenient methods, but shall protect the rights of litigants to make representation.
第一百六十條 簡單的民事案件由審判員一人獨任審理，並不受本法第一百三十六條、第一百三十八條、第一百四十一條規定的限制。
Article 160 Simple civil cases shall be tried by a single judge alone and the trial of such cases shall not be bound by the provisions of Articles 136, 138 and 141 of this Law.
第一百六十一條 人民法院適用簡易程序審理案件，應當在立案之日起三個月內審結。
Article 161 The people's court trying a case in which summary procedure is followed shall conclude the case within three months after docketing the case.
第一百六十二條 基層人民法院和它派出的法庭審理符合本法第一百五十七條第一款規定的簡單的民事案件，標的額為各省、自治區、直轄市上年度就業人員年平均工資百分之三十以下的，實行一審終審。
Article 162 Grassroots People's Courts and their branches trying simple civil cases which comply with the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 157 of this Law for which the amount of the subject matter is below 30% of the annual average wages of employees in the preceding year of various provinces, autonomous regions and centrally-administered municipalities shall implement trial of first instance being final.
第一百六十三條 人民法院在審理過程中，發現案件不宜適用簡易程序的，裁定轉為普通程序。
Article 163 If the people's court finds that it is improper to apply summary procedure to a case in hearing, it shall order that ordinary procedure applies.
第十四章 第二審程序
Chapter 14 Procedure at Second Instance
第一百六十四條 當事人不服地方人民法院第一審判決的，有權在判決書送達之日起十五日內向上一級人民法院提起上訴。
Article 164 If a party refuses to accept a judgment of first instance of a local people's court, he shall have the right to file an appeal with the people's court at the next higher level within 15 days after the date on which the written judgment was served.
當事人不服地方人民法院第一審裁定的，有權在裁定書送達之日起十日內向上一級人民法院提起上訴。
Where a litigant disagrees with a ruling of first instance of a local People's Court, the litigant shall have the right to file an appeal with the higher-level People's Court within 10 days from the date of service of the ruling letter.
第一百六十五條 上訴應當遞交上訴狀。上訴狀的內容，應當包括當事人的姓名，法人的名稱及其法定代表人的姓名或者其他組織的名稱及其主要負責人的姓名；原審人民法院名稱、案件的編號和案由；上訴的請求和理由。
Article 165 A petition for appeal shall be submitted for an appeal. The contents of an appeal petition shall include the names of the parties, the names of the legal persons and their legal representatives or the names of other organizations and their principal heads; the name of the people's court that originally tried the case, the file number of the case and the cause of action; and the claims and grounds of the appeal.
第一百六十六條 上訴狀應當通過原審人民法院提出，並按照對方當事人或者代表人的人數提出副本。
Article 166 The appeal petition shall be submitted through the people's court which originally tried the case, and copies of it shall be provided according to the number of persons in the other party or of the representatives thereof.
當事人直接向第二審人民法院上訴的，第二審人民法院應當在五日內將上訴狀移交原審人民法院。
If a party appeals directly to a people's court of second instance, the said court shall within five days transmit the appeal petition to the people's court which originally tried the case.
第一百六十七 條 原審人民法院收到上訴狀，應當在五日內將上訴狀副本送達對方當事人，對方當事人在收到之日起十五日內提出答辯狀。人民法院應當在收到答辯狀之日起五日內將副本送達上訴人。對方當事人不提出答辯狀的，不影響人民法院審理。
Article 167 Within five days after receiving an appeal petition, the people's court that originally tried the case shall serve the copy of the appeal petition on the other party, who shall, within 15 days from the date of receipt, submit a statement of defence. The people's court shall, within five days after receiving the defence, serve a copy of it on the appellant. Failure by the other party to submit a defence shall not affect the trial of the case by the people's court.
原審人民法院收到上訴狀、答辯狀，應當在五日內連同全部案卷和證據，報送第二審人民法院。
After receiving the appeal petition and the defence, the people's court which originally tried the case shall, within five days, deliver them together with the entire case file and evidence to the people's court of second instance.
第一百六十八條 第二審人民法院應當對上訴請求的有關事實和適用法律進行審查。
Article 168 The People's Court of second instance shall examine the relevant facts and applicable laws for the appeal request (s).
第一百六十九條 第二審人民法院對上訴案件，應當組成合議庭，開庭審理。經過閱卷、調查和詢問當事人，對沒有提出新的事實、證據或者理由，合議庭認為不需要開庭審理的，可以不開庭審理。
Article 169 With respect to a case on appeal, the people's court of second instance shall form a collegial panel to conduct the trial. Upon consulting, investigation and inquiry of the parties concerned, if no new facts, evidence or reasons are put forward, and the collegiate bench rules that it is unnecessary to hold a hearing, the case may be handled without a hearing.
第二審人民法院審理上訴案件，可以在本院進行，也可以到案件發生地或者原審人民法院所在地進行。
The people's court of second instance may try a case on appeal at its own site or in the place where the case originated or where the people's court that originally tried the case is located.
第一百七十條 第二審人民法院對上訴案件，經過審理，按照下列情形，分別處理：
Article 170 After an appeal hearing, a people's court of second instance shall decide according to the following circumstances:
（一）原判決、裁定認定事實清楚，適用法律正確的，以判決、裁定方式駁回上訴，維持原判決、裁定；
1. where the facts are clearly ascertained and the law is correctly applied in the original judgment or ruling, a judgment or ruling shall be made to dismiss the appeal and uphold the original judgment or ruling;
（二）原判決、裁定認定事實錯誤或者適用法律錯誤的，以判決、裁定方式依法改判、撤銷或者變更；
2. where the facts are erroneously ascertained or the law is incorrectly applied in the original judgment or ruling, the judgment or ruling shall be amended, annulled or altered in accordance with the law;
（三）原判決認定基本事實不清的，裁定撤銷原判決，發回原審人民法院重審，或者查清事實後改判；
3. where the basic facts ascertained in the original judgment are unclear, the people's court shall rule that the original judgment be quashed and remand for retrial the case to the people's court which originally tried it, or amend the original judgment after investigating and clarifying the facts; and
（四）原判決遺漏當事人或者違法缺席判決等嚴重違反法定程序的，裁定撤銷原判決，發回原審人民法院重審。
(IV) where there is any serious violation of statutory procedures such as omission of the party concerned and illegal judgment by default in the original judgment, the people's court of second instance shall rule that the original judgment be annulled and remand the case to the original people's court for retrial.
原審人民法院對發回重審的案件作出判決後，當事人提起上訴的，第二審人民法院不得再次發回重審。
Where the party concerned institutes an appeal after the original people's court makes a judgment on the case remanded for retrial, the people's court of second instance shall not remand the case for retrial again.
第一百七十一條 第二審人民法院對不服第一審人民法院裁定的上訴案件的處理，一律使用裁定。
Article 171 In handling an appeal against a ruling made by a people's court of first instance, the people's court of second instance shall in all cases use rulings.
第一百七十二條 第二審人民法院審理上訴案件，可以進行調解。調解達成協議，應當制作調解書，由審判人員、書記員署名，加蓋人民法院印章。調解書送達後，原審人民法院的判決即視為撤銷。
Article 172 In dealing with a case on appeal, a people's court of second instance may conduct conciliation. If an agreement is reached through conciliation, a conciliation statement shall be made and signed by the judicial officers and the court clerk, with the seal of the people's court affixed to it. After the conciliation statement has been served, the original judgment of the lower court shall be deemed as set aside.
第一百七十三條 第二審人民法院判決宣告前，上訴人申請撤回上訴的，是否準許，由第二審人民法院裁定。
Article 173 If an appellant applies for withdrawal of his appeal before a people's court of second instance pronounces its judgment, the court shall decide whether to approve the application or not.
第一百七十四條 第二審人民法院審理上訴案件，除依照本章規定外，適用第一審普通程序。
Article 174 In the trial of a case on appeal, the people's court of second instance shall, apart from observing the provisions of this Chapter, follow the ordinary procedure for trials of first instance.
第一百七十五條 第二審人民法院的判決、裁定，是終審的判決、裁定。
Article 175 The judgment and the written order of a people's court of second instance shall be final.
第一百七十六條 人民法院審理對判決的上訴案件，應當在第二審立案之日起三個月內審結。有特殊情況需要延長的，由本院院長批準。
Article 176 The people's court trying a case on appeal shall conclude the case within three months after docketing the case. Where there is a need for extension of time under special circumstances, the approval of the president of the court is required.
人民法院審理對裁定的上訴案件，應當在第二審立案之日起三十日內作出終審裁定。
The people's court trying a case on appeal against a written order shall, within 30 days after docketing the case for second instance trial, make a written order which is final.
第十五章 特別程序
Chapter 15 Special Procedures
第一節 一般規定
Section 1 General Provisions
第一百七十七條 人民法院審理選民資格案件、宣告失蹤或者宣告死亡案件、認定公民無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力案件、認定財產無主案件、確認調解協議案件和實現擔保物權案件，適用本章規定。本章沒有規定的，適用本法和其他法律的有關規定。
Article 177 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to trial by People's Courts of electorate qualification cases, cases of declared missing person or declared death in absentia, cases of ascertainment of citizens with no capacity for civil conduct or citizens with limited capacity for civil conduct, cases of ascertainment of ownerless property, cases of confirmation of mediation agreement and cases of realisation of security interest. For matters not covered in this Chapter, the relevant provisions of this Law and other laws shall apply.
第一百七十八條 依照本章程序審理的案件，實行一審終審。選民資格案件或者重大、疑難的案件，由審判員組成合議庭審理；其他案件由審判員一人獨任審理。
Article 178 Where a case is tried in accordance with the procedure provided in this Chapter, the judgment of first instance shall be the final judgment. The trial of cases concerning voter qualifications and of major or difficult cases shall be conducted by a collegiate bench of judges. Other cases shall be tried by a single judge alone.
第一百七十九條 人民法院在依照本章程序審理案件的過程中，發現本案屬於民事權益爭議的，應當裁定終結特別程序，並告知利害關系人可以另行起訴。
Article 179 If a people's court, while trying a case in accordance with the procedure provided in this Chapter, finds that the case involves a civil dispute over rights and interests, it shall make a written order to terminate the special procedure and inform the interested parties to otherwise institute an action.
第一百八十條 人民法院適用特別程序審理的案件，應當在立案之日起三十日內或者公告期滿後三十日內審結。有特殊情況需要延長的，由本院院長批準。但審理選民資格的案件除外。
Article 180 A people's court trying a case in which special procedure is followed shall conclude the case within 30 days after placing the case on the docket or within 30 days after expiration of the period stated in the public notice. Where there is a need for extension of time under special circumstances, the approval of the president of the court is required. However, this does not apply to the trial of cases concerning voter qualifications.
第二節 選民資格案件
Section 2 Cases Concerning the Qualification of Voters
第一百八十一條 公民不服選舉委員會對選民資格的申訴所作的處理決定，可以在選舉日的五日以前向選區所在地基層人民法院起訴。
Article 181 If a citizen refuses to accept an election committee's decision on an appeal concerning his voting qualification, he may, five days before the election day, bring a suit in the basic people's court located in the electoral district.
第一百八十二條 人民法院受理選民資格案件後，必須在選舉日前審結。
Article 182 After entertaining a case concerning voting qualification, a people's court must conclude the trial before the election day.
審理時，起訴人、選舉委員會的代表和有關公民必須參加。
The party who brings the suit, the representative of the election committee and other citizens concerned must participate in the proceedings.
人民法院的判決書，應當在選舉日前送達選舉委員會和起訴人，並通知有關公民。
The written judgment of the people's court shall be served on the election committee and the party who brings the suit before the election day; other citizens concerned shall be notified of the judgment.
第三節 宣告失蹤、宣告死亡案件
Section 3 Cases Concerning the Declaration of a Person as Missing or Dead
第一百八十三條 公民下落不明滿二年，利害關系人申請宣告其失蹤的，向下落不明人住所地基層人民法院提出。
Article 183 With respect to a citizen whose whereabouts are unknown for two years in full, if the interested party applies for declaring the person as missing, the application shall be filed with the basic people's court in the locality where the missing person has his domicile.
申請書應當寫明失蹤的事實、時間和請求，並附有公安機關或者其他有關機關關於該公民下落不明的書面證明。
The application shall clearly state the facts and time of the disappearance of the person missing as well as the motion; documentary evidence from a public security organ or other relevant organs concerning the disappearance of the citizen shall be appended to the application.
第一百八十四條 公民下落不明滿四年，或者因意外事故下落不明滿二年，或者因意外事故下落不明，經有關機關證明該公民不可能生存，利害關系人申請宣告其死亡的，向下落不明人住所地基層人民法院提出。
Article 184 With respect to a citizen whose whereabouts are unknown for four years in full or whose whereabouts are unknown for two years in full after an accident in which he was involved, or with respect to a citizen whose whereabouts are unknown after such an accident, and, upon proof furnished by the relevant authorities that it is impossible for him to survive, if the interested party applies for declaring such person as dead, the application shall be filed with the basic people's court in the locality where the missing person has his domicile.
申請書應當寫明下落不明的事實、時間和請求，並附有公安機關或者其他有關機關關於該公民下落不明的書面證明。
The application shall clearly state the facts and time of the disappearance as well as the motion; documentary evidence from a public security organ or other relevant organs concerning the disappearance of the citizen shall be appended to the application.
第一百八十五條 人民法院受理宣告失蹤、宣告死亡案件後，應當發出尋找下落不明人的公告。宣告失蹤的公告期間為三個月，宣告死亡的公告期間為一年。因意外事故下落不明，經有關機關證明該公民不可能生存的，宣告死亡的公告期間為三個月。
Article 185 After entertaining a case concerning the declaration of a person as missing or dead, the people's court shall issue a public notice in search of the person missing. The period of the public notice for declaring a person as missing shall be three months, and that for declaring a person as dead shall be one year. If the whereabouts of a citizen is unknown as a result of an accident which, as certified by the relevant authorities, the citizen could not have survived, the period of the public notice for the declaration of the citizen's death shall be three months.
公告期間屆滿，人民法院應當根據被宣告失蹤、宣告死亡的事實是否得到確認，作出宣告失蹤、宣告死亡的判決或者駁回申請的判決。
On the expiration of the period of the public notice, the people's court shall, depending on whether the fact of the missing or death of the person has been confirmed, make a judgment declaring the person missing or dead or make a judgment rejecting the application.
第一百八十六條 被宣告失蹤、宣告死亡的公民重新出現，經本人或者利害關系人申請，人民法院應當作出新判決，撤銷原判決。
Article 186 If a citizen who has been declared missing or dead reappears, the people's court shall, upon the application of that person or an interested party, make a new judgment to quash the original judgment.
第四節 認定公民無民事行為能力、限制民事行為能力案件
Section 4 Cases Concerning the Adjudgment of Legal Incapacity or Restricted Legal Capacity of Citizens
第一百八十七條 申請認定公民無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力，由其近親屬或者其他利害關系人向該公民住所地基層人民法院提出。
Article 187 An application for adjudgment of legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity of a citizen shall be filed by the citizen's near relatives or any other interested party with the basic people's court in the locality where the citizen has his domicile.
申請書應當寫明該公民無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的事實和根據。
The application shall clearly state the facts and basis that the citizen has no capacity for civil acts or has limited capacity for civil acts.
第一百八十八條 人民法院受理申請後，必要時應當對被請求認定為無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的公民進行鑒定。申請人已提供鑒定意見的，應當對鑒定意見進行審查。
Article 188 After accepting such an application, the people's court shall, when necessary, carry out an expert evaluation of the citizen who is requested to be declared as having no capacity for civil acts or having limited capacity for civil acts. Where the applicant has provided an appraisal opinion, the appraisal opinion shall be examined.
第一百八十九條 人民法院審理認定公民無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的案件，應當由該公民的近親屬為代理人，但申請人除外。近親屬互相推诿的，由人民法院指定其中一人為代理人。該公民健康情況許可的，還應當詢問本人的意見。
Article 189 In the trial by the people's court of a case for the determination of legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity of a citizen, a near relative of the citizen shall be his agent, the applicant being excluded. If the near relatives of the citizen shift responsibility onto one another, the people's court shall appoint one of them as agent for the citizen. If the citizen's condition of health permits, the people's court shall also seek the opinion of the citizen on the matter.
人民法院經審理認定申請有事實根據的，判決該公民為無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力人；認定申請沒有事實根據的，應當判決予以駁回。
If, through the trial, the people's court finds that the application is based on facts, a judgment of legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity of the citizen shall be made; if the court finds that the application is not based on facts, it shall make a judgment rejecting the application.
第一百九十條 人民法院根據被認定為無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人或者他的監護人的申請，證實該公民無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的原因已經消除的，應當作出新判決，撤銷原判決。
Article 190 If, upon the application of a person who has been determined as one of legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity or upon the application of his guardian, a people's court confirms that the causes of that person's legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity have been eliminated, it shall make a new judgment annulling the previous one.
第五節 認定財產無主案件
Section 5 Cases Concerning the Determination of Property as Ownerless
第一百九十一條 申請認定財產無主，由公民、法人或者其他組織向財產所在地基層人民法院提出。
Article 191 An application for determining a property as ownerless shall be filed by a citizen, legal person or any other organization with the basic people's court in the place where the property is located.
申請書應當寫明財產的種類、數量以及要求認定財產無主的根據。
The application shall clearly state the type and quantity of the property and the grounds on which the application is based.
第一百九十二條 人民法院受理申請後，經審查核實，應當發出財產認領公告。公告滿一年無人認領的，判決認定財產無主，收歸國家或者集體所有。
Article 192 After accepting such an application, the people's court shall, upon examination and verification, issue a public notice calling on the owner to claim the property. If no one claims the property one year after the issue of the public notice, the people's court shall make a judgment determining the property as ownerless and turn it over to the State or the collective concerned.
第一百九十三條 判決認定財產無主後，原財產所有人或者繼承人出現，在民法通則規定的訴訟時效期間可以對財產提出請求，人民法院審查屬實後，應當作出新判決，撤銷原判決。
Article 193 If, after a property has been determined ownerless by judgment, the owner of the property or his successor appears, such a person may file a claim for the property within the period of limitation specified in the General Principles of the Civil Law. The people's court shall, after examination and verification of the claim, make a new judgment annulling the previous one.
第六節 確認調解協議案件
Section 6 Confirmation of Mediation Agreements
第一百九十四條 申請司法確認調解協議，由雙方當事人依照人民調解法等法律，自調解協議生效之日起三十日內，共同向調解組織所在地基層人民法院提出。
Article 194 An application for judicial confirmation of a mediation agreement shall be submitted to the grassroots People's Court at the location of the mediation organisation jointly by both parties concerned within 30 days from the effective date of the mediation agreement pursuant to the People's Mediation Law, etc.
第一百九十五條 人民法院受理申請後，經審查，符合法律規定的，裁定調解協議有效，一方當事人拒絕履行或者未全部履行的，對方當事人可以向人民法院申請執行；不符合法律規定的，裁定駁回申請，當事人可以通過調解方式變更原調解協議或者達成新的調解協議，也可以向人民法院提起訴訟。
Article 195 Upon acceptance of an application, the People's Court shall rule that the mediation agreement is valid upon examination that the application complies with the provisions of the laws; where one party concerned refuses to perform the mediation agreement or where the mediation agreement is not performed fully, the counterparty may apply to the People's Court for enforcement; where the application does not comply with the provisions of the laws, the People's Court shall rule that the application be thrown out, the litigants may amend the original mediation agreement through mediation or enter into a new mediation agreement, or file a lawsuit with the People's Court.
第七節 實現擔保物權案件
Section 7 — Cases of Realisation of Security Interest
第一百九十六條 申請實現擔保物權，由擔保物權人以及其他有權請求實現擔保物權的人依照物權法等法律，向擔保財產所在地或者擔保物權登記地基層人民法院提出。
Article 196 An application for realisation of security interest shall be submitted by the holder of security interest and any other person (s) who has/have the right to request for realisation of security interest to the grassroots People's Court at the location of the secured property or the place of registration of security interest pursuant to the Property Rights Law, etc.
第一百九十七條 人民法院受理申請後，經審查，符合法律規定的，裁定拍賣、變賣擔保財產，當事人依據該裁定可以向人民法院申請執行；不符合法律規定的，裁定駁回申請，當事人可以向人民法院提起訴訟。
Article 197 Upon acceptance of an application, the People's Court shall, upon examination that the application complies with the provisions of the laws, rule that the secured property be auctioned or sold off, the litigants may apply to the People's Court for enforcement pursuant to the said ruling; where the application does not comply with the provisions of the laws, the People's Court shall rule that the application be thrown out, the litigants may file a lawsuit with the People's Court.
第十六章 審判監督程序
Chapter 16 Procedure for Trial Supervision
第一百九十八條 各級人民法院院長對本院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定、調解書，發現確有錯誤，認為需要再審的，應當提交審判委員會討論決定。
Article 198 If the president of a people's court at any level finds an error in a legally effective judgment, ruling or mediation statement and deems it necessary to have the case retried, he shall refer it to the judicial committee for discussion and decision.
最高人民法院對地方各級人民法院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定、調解書，上級人民法院對下級人民法院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定、調解書，發現確有錯誤的，有權提審或者指令下級人民法院再審。
Where the Supreme People's Court discovers an error in a judgment letter, ruling letter or mediation letter of a local People's Court at any level which has come into legal effect or where a higher-level People's Court discovers an error in a judgment letter, ruling letter or mediation letter of a lower-level People's Court which has come into legal effect, it shall have the right to arraign or order the lower-level People's Court to re-try the case.
第一百九十九條 當事人對已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定，認為有錯誤的，可以向上一級人民法院申請再審；當事人一方人數眾多或者當事人雙方為公民的案件，也可以向原審人民法院申請再審。當事人申請再審的，不停止判決、裁定的執行。
Article 199 A litigant who deemed that there is an error in a judgment or ruling which has come into legal effect may apply to the higher-level People's Court for re-trial; for cases for which one party to the lawsuit comprises multiple persons or both parties to the lawsuit are citizens, an application for re-trial may be submitted to the People's Court which originally heard the case. Where a litigant applies for re-trial, enforcement of the judgment or ruling shall continue.
第二百條 當事人的申請符合下列情形之一的，人民法院應當再審：
Article 200 If the application of a party conforms to any of the following circumstances, the people's court shall retry the case:
（一）有新的證據，足以推翻原判決、裁定的；
1. there is new evidence that is sufficient to overturn the original judgment or ruling;
（二）原判決、裁定認定的基本事實缺乏證據證明的；
2. the evidence used as a basis for ascertaining the essential facts in the original judgment or ruling was insufficient;
（三）原判決、裁定認定事實的主要證據是偽造的；
(III) the main evidence based on which facts in the original judgment or ruling are determined were fabricated;
（四）原判決、裁定認定事實的主要證據未經質證的；
(IV) the main evidence used as a basis for ascertaining the facts in the original judgment or ruling was not cross-examined;
（五）對審理案件需要的主要證據，當事人因客觀原因不能自行收集，書面申請人民法院調查收集，人民法院未調查收集的；
(V) With regard to the main evidence required for the trial, the party was unable to collect the evidence himself or herself for objective reasons, and the people's court failed to investigate or collect such evidence after the party submitted a written application to the people's court for the investigation and collection of evidence;
（六）原判決、裁定適用法律確有錯誤的；
(VI) The application of law in making the original judgment or order is definitely incorrect; or
（七）審判組織的組成不合法或者依法應當回避的審判人員沒有回避的；
(VII) the judicial organization was not composed in accordance with the law or a member of the judicial officers who should have withdrawn in accordance with the law did not do so;
（八）無訴訟行為能力人未經法定代理人代為訴訟或者應當參加訴訟的當事人，因不能歸責於本人或者其訴訟代理人的事由，未參加訴訟的；
(VIII) the statutory agent of a party with no capacity to bring a case fails to act as an agent in the relevant case or a party required to participate in the case fails to do so for reasons not attributable to the party or his or her litigation agent;
（九）違反法律規定，剝奪當事人辯論權利的；
(IX) where the party was deprived of his or her right to argue the case in breach of the law;
（十）未經傳票傳喚，缺席判決的；
(X) Where a default judgment was entered without serving a summons;
（十一）原判決、裁定遺漏或者超出訴訟請求的；
(XI) where the original judgment or ruling omitted or exceeded the claim;
（十二）據以作出原判決、裁定的法律文書被撤銷或者變更的；
(XII) where the legal documentation relating to the original judgment or ruling has been cancelled or amended; or
（十三）審判人員審理該案件時有貪汙受賄，徇私舞弊，枉法裁判行為的。
(XIII) The judges in trying the case committed acts of embezzlement, bribery, or malpractices for personal gain, or bended the law in making judgment.
第二百零一條 當事人對已經發生法律效力的調解書，提出證據證明調解違反自願原則或者調解協議的內容違反法律的，可以申請再審。經人民法院審查屬實的，應當再審。
Article 201 With respect to a legally effective conciliation statement, if evidence furnished by a party proves that the conciliation violates the principle of voluntariness or that the content of the conciliation agreement violates the law, the party may apply for a retrial. Upon examination and verification by the People's Court, a re-trial shall be carried out.
第二百零二條 當事人對已經發生法律效力的解除婚姻關系的判決、調解書，不得申請再審。
Article 202 For a judgment or mediation letter for dissolution of marriage which has come into legal effect, the litigants shall not apply for re-trial.
第二百零三條 當事人申請再審的，應當提交再審申請書等材料。人民法院應當自收到再審申請書之日起五日內將再審申請書副本發送對方當事人。對方當事人應當自收到再審申請書副本之日起十五日內提交書面意見；不提交書面意見的，不影響人民法院審查。人民法院可以要求申請人和對方當事人補充有關材料，詢問有關事項。
Article 203 Any party that applies for a retrial shall submit retrial request and other relevant materials. The People's Court shall forward the duplicate copy of the application form for re-trial to the counterparty within five days from the date of receipt of the application form for re-trial. The counterparty shall submit a written opinion within 15 days from the date of receipt of the duplicate copy of the application form for re-trial; non-submission of a written opinion shall not affect examination by the People's Court. The People's Court may require the applicant and the counterparty to supplement the relevant materials and enquire into the relevant matters.
第二百零四條 人民法院應當自收到再審申請書之日起三個月內審查，符合本法規定的，裁定再審；不符合本法規定的，裁定駁回申請。有特殊情況需要延長的，由本院院長批準。
Article 204 The People's Court shall conduct examination within three months from the date of receipt of the application form for re-trial, where the application complies with the provisions of this Law, the People's Court shall rule on re-trial; where the application does not comply with the provisions of this Law, the People's Court shall rule that the application be thrown out. Where there is a need for extension of time under special circumstances, the approval of the president of the court is required.
因當事人申請裁定再審的案件由中級人民法院以上的人民法院審理，但當事人依照本法第一百九十九條的規定選擇向基層人民法院申請再審的除外。最高人民法院、高級人民法院裁定再審的案件，由本院再審或者交其他人民法院再審，也可以交原審人民法院再審。
Cases ruled to be re-tried in accordance with an application by the litigants shall be tried by an intermediate People's Court or above, except for applications for re-trial of cases submitted by litigants to grassroots People's Courts pursuant to the provisions of Article 199 of this Law. Cases ruled by the Supreme People's Court or a higher People's Court to be re-tried shall be re-tried by the Supreme People's Court or the higher People's Court or handed over to another People's Court for re-trial, or remanded to the People's Court which originally heard the case for re-trial.
第二百零五條 當事人申請再審，應當在判決、裁定發生法律效力後六個月內提出；有本法第二百條第一項、第三項、第十二項、第十三項規定情形的，自知道或者應當知道之日起六個月內提出。
Article 205 A litigant applying for re-trial shall submit the application within six months from a judgment or ruling taking legal effect; under the circumstances stipulated in item (1), item (3), item (12), item (13) of Article 200 of this Law, the application shall be submitted within six months from the date on which the litigant becomes or should become aware of the circumstances.
第二百零六條 按照審判監督程序決定再審的案件，裁定中止原判決、裁定、調解書的執行，但追索贍養費、扶養費、撫育費、撫恤金、醫療費用、勞動報酬等案件，可以不中止執行。
Article 206 When a decision is made to retry a case in accordance with the procedure for trial supervision, a ruling shall be made to suspend the enforcement of the original judgment, ruling or mediation statement, with the exception of cases of claims of alimony, maintenance fee, child support, pension, medical expenses, and labor remuneration.
第二百零七條 人民法院按照審判監督程序再審的案件，發生法律效力的判決、裁定是由第一審法院作出的，按照第一審程序審理，所作的判決、裁定，當事人可以上訴；發生法律效力的判決、裁定是由第二審法院作出的，按照第二審程序審理，所作的判決、裁定，是發生法律效力的判決、裁定；上級人民法院按照審判監督程序提審的，按照第二審程序審理，所作的判決、裁定是發生法律效力的判決、裁定。
Article 207 With respect to a case pending retrial by a people's court in accordance with the procedure for trial supervision, if the legally effective judgment or written order was made by a court of first instance, the case shall be tried in accordance with the procedure of first instance, and the parties concerned may appeal against the new judgment or order; if the legally effective judgment or written order was made by a court of second instance, the case shall be tried in accordance with the procedure of second instance, and the new judgment or written order shall be legally effective; if it is a case which was brought up for trial by a people's court at a higher level, it shall be tried in accordance with the procedure of second instance, and the new judgment or written order shall be legally effective.
人民法院審理再審案件，應當另行組成合議庭。
When retrying a case, a people's court shall form a new collegial panel.
第二百零八條 最高人民檢察院對各級人民法院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定，上級人民檢察院對下級人民法院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定，發現有本法第二百條規定情形之一的，或者發現調解書損害國家利益、社會公共利益的，應當提出抗訴。
Article 208 Where the Supreme People's Procuratorate discovers that a judgment or ruling of a People's Court at any level which has come into legal effect falls under any of the circumstances stipulated in Article 200 of this Law or discovers that a mediation letter harms national interest or public interest, or where a higher-level People's Procuratorate discovers that a judgment or ruling of a lower-level People's Court which has come into legal effect falls under any of the circumstances stipulated in Article 200 of this Law or discovers that a mediation letter harms national interest or public interest, a protest shall be made.
地方各級人民檢察院對同級人民法院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定，發現有本法第二百條規定情形之一的，或者發現調解書損害國家利益、社會公共利益的，可以向同級人民法院提出檢察建議，並報上級人民檢察院備案；也可以提請上級人民檢察院向同級人民法院提出抗訴。
Where a People's Procuratorate at any level at any locality discovers that a judgment or ruling made by a People's Court of counterpart level which has come into legal effect falls under any of the circumstances stipulated in Article 200 of this Law, or discovers that a mediation letter harms national interest and public interest, the People's Procuratorate may make an attorney recommendation to the People's Court of counterpart level, and file record with the higher-level People's Procuratorate; or request the higher-level People's Procuratorate to make a protest to the People's Court of counterpart level.
各級人民檢察院對審判監督程序以外的其他審判程序中審判人員的違法行為，有權向同級人民法院提出檢察建議。
In terms of the illegal acts of judges in trial procedures other than the procedure for trial supervision, the people's procuratorates at all levels are entitled to make procuratorial suggestions to the people's courts at the same level.
第二百零九條 有下列情形之一的，當事人可以向人民檢察院申請檢察建議或者抗訴：
Article 209 Under any one of the following circumstances, a party may apply to the people's procuratorate for a procuratorial proposal or protest:
（一）人民法院駁回再審申請的；
1. where the people's court rejects the retrial application;
（二）人民法院逾期未對再審申請作出裁定的；
2. the people's court fails to make a ruling on the retrial application within the specified time limit; or
（三）再審判決、裁定有明顯錯誤的。
(III) The judgment or ruling of the retrial is obviously erroneous.
人民檢察院對當事人的申請應當在三個月內進行審查，作出提出或者不予提出檢察建議或者抗訴的決定。當事人不得再次向人民檢察院申請檢察建議或者抗訴。
A People's Procuratorate shall examine an application from a litigant within three months and decide whether to make an attorney recommendation or protest. The litigant shall not apply to the People's Procuratorate again for an attorney recommendation or protest.
第二百一十條 人民檢察院因履行法律監督職責提出檢察建議或者抗訴的需要，可以向當事人或者案外人調查核實有關情況。
Article 210 A People's Procuratorate may investigate into or verify with a litigant or a non-party to the case the relevant information for the need to make an attorney recommendation or protest for performance of legal supervision duties.
第二百一十一條 人民檢察院提出抗訴的案件，接受抗訴的人民法院應當自收到抗訴書之日起三十日內作出再審的裁定；有本法第二百條第一項至第五項規定情形之一的，可以交下一級人民法院再審，但經該下一級人民法院再審的除外。
Article 211 In the event of a case for which a protest is made by a People's Procuratorate, the People's Court which receives the protest shall rule on re-trial within 30 days from the date of receipt of the protest letter; under any of the circumstances stipulated in item (1) to item (5) of Article 200 of this Law, the case may be handed over to a lower-level People's Court for re-trial, except where the case has been retried by the said lower-level People's Court.
第二百一十二條 人民檢察院決定對人民法院的判決、裁定、調解書提出抗訴的，應當制作抗訴書。
Article 212 When a people's procuratorate decides to lodge a protest against a judgment, ruling or mediation statement made by a people's court, it shall prepare a written protest.
第二百一十三條 人民檢察院提出抗訴的案件，人民法院再審時，應當通知人民檢察院派員出席法庭。
Article 213 The people's court shall, in retrying a case in which protest was lodged by a people's procuratorate, notify the procuratorate to send personnel to appear in court.
第十七章 督促程序
Chapter 17 Procedures of Supervision and Urge
第二百一十四條 債權人請求債務人給付金錢、有價證券，符合下列條件的，可以向有管轄權的基層人民法院申請支付令：
Article 214 When a creditor requests payment of a pecuniary debt or recovery of negotiable instruments from a debtor, he may, if the following requirements are met, apply to the basic people's court with jurisdiction for a payment order:
（一）債權人與債務人沒有其他債務糾紛的；
1. there is no other debt dispute between the creditor and the debtor;
（二）支付令能夠送達債務人的。
(II) the payment order can be served on the debtor.
申請書應當寫明請求給付金錢或者有價證券的數量和所根據的事實、證據。
The application shall clearly state the requested amount of money or of the negotiable instruments and the facts and evidence on the basis of which the application is made.
第二百一十五條 債權人提出申請後，人民法院應當在五日內通知債權人是否受理。
Article 215 After the creditor has submitted his application, the people's court shall within five days inform the creditor whether it accepts the application or not.
第二百一十六條 人民法院受理申請後，經審查債權人提供的事實、證據，對債權債務關系明確、合法的，應當在受理之日起十五日內向債務人發出支付令；申請不成立的，裁定予以駁回。
Article 216 After accepting the application and upon examination of the facts and evidence provided by the creditor, the people's court shall, if the rights and obligations relationship between the creditor and the debtor is clear and legitimate, issue within 15 days after accepting the application, an order of payment to the debtor; if the application is untenable, the people's court shall make an order to reject it.
債務人應當自收到支付令之日起十五日內清償債務，或者向人民法院提出書面異議。
The debtor shall, within 15 days after receipt of the order of payment, clear off his debts or submit to the people's court his dissent in writing.
債務人在前款規定的期間不提出異議又不履行支付令的，債權人可以向人民法院申請執行。
If the debtor has neither dissented from nor complied with the order of payment within the period specified in the preceding paragraph, the creditor may apply to the people's court for execution.
第二百一十七條 人民法院收到債務人提出的書面異議後，經審查，異議成立的，應當裁定終結督促程序，支付令自行失效。
Article 217 Upon receipt of the written objection from the debtor, the People's Court shall rule on termination of procedure of supervision and urge upon examination and conclusion that the objection is justified, and the order of payment shall become void automatically.
支付令失效的，轉入訴訟程序，但申請支付令的一方當事人不同意提起訴訟的除外。
Where an order of payment becomes void, the case shall enter into litigation procedure, except where one party to the application for order of payment disagrees with filing of lawsuit.
第十八章 公示催告程序
Chapter 18 Procedure for Publicizing Public Notice for Assertion of Claims
第二百一十八條 按照規定可以背書轉讓的票據持有人，因票據被盜、遺失或者滅失，可以向票據支付地的基層人民法院申請公示催告。依照法律規定可以申請公示催告的其他事項，適用本章規定。
Article 218 Any holder of a bill transferable by endorsement according to the law may, if the bill is stolen, lost, or destroyed, apply to the basic people's court of the place where the bill is to be paid for publication of public notice for assertion of claims. The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to other matters for which, according to the law, an application for publication of a public notice for assertion of claims may be made.
申請人應當向人民法院遞交申請書，寫明票面金額、發票人、持票人、背書人等票據主要內容和申請的理由、事實。
The applicant shall submit to the people's court an application which clearly states the main contents of the bill such as the face amount, the drawer, the holder, the endorser, and the facts and reasons in respect of the application.
第二百一十九條 人民法院決定受理申請，應當同時通知支付人停止支付，並在三日內發出公告，催促利害關系人申報權利。公示催告的期間，由人民法院根據情況決定，但不得少於六十日。
Article 219 The people's court shall, upon deciding to accept the application, notify the payer concerned in the meantime to suspend the payment, and shall, within three days, issue a public notice for the interested parties to assert their rights. The period of the public notice shall be decided at the discretion of the people's court; however, it shall not be less than 60 days.
第二百二十條 支付人收到人民法院停止支付的通知，應當停止支付，至公示催告程序終結。
Article 220 The payer shall, upon receiving the notification by the people's court to suspend the payment, do so accordingly till the conclusion of the procedure for publicizing public notice for assertion of claims.
公示催告期間，轉讓票據權利的行為無效。
During the period of the public invitation to assert claims, any act relating to the transfer of rights in the negotiable instrument shall be invalid.
第二百二十一條 利害關系人應當在公示催告期間向人民法院申報。
Article 221 Interested party or parties as claimants shall report their claims to the people's court within the period of the public notice.
人民法院收到利害關系人的申報後，應當裁定終結公示催告程序，並通知申請人和支付人。
After receiving the declaration of the interested party, the people's court shall make a written order to terminate the procedure for publicizing public notice for assertion of claims, and notify the applicant and the payer.
申請人或者申報人可以向人民法院起訴。
The applicant or the claimants may bring an action in the people's court.
第二百二十二條 沒有人申報的，人民法院應當根據申請人的申請，作出判決，宣告票據無效。判決應當公告，並通知支付人。自判決公告之日起，申請人有權向支付人請求支付。
Article 222 If no claim is asserted, the people's court shall make a judgment on the basis of the application to declare the bill in question null and void. The judgment shall be published and the payor notified accordingly. As of the date of publication of the judgment, the applicant shall be entitled to payment by the payer.
第二百二十三條 利害關系人因正當理由不能在判決前向人民法院申報的，自知道或者應當知道判決公告之日起一年內，可以向作出判決的人民法院起訴。
Article 223 If an interested party for justified reasons was unable to submit his claim to the people's court before the judgment is made, he may, within one year after the day he knows or should know the publication of the judgment, bring an action in the people's court which has made the judgment.
第三編 執行程序
Part III Executive Procedures
第十九章 一般規定
Chapter 19 General Provisions
第二百二十四條 發生法律效力的民事判決、裁定，以及刑事判決、裁定中的財產部分，由第一審人民法院或者與第一審人民法院同級的被執行的財產所在地人民法院執行。
Article 224 A legally effective civil judgment or ruling, or that portion of a legally effective criminal judgment or ruling that pertains to property, shall be enforced by the people's court of first instance or the people's court at the same level as the people's court where the property subject to execution is located.
法律規定由人民法院執行的其他法律文書，由被執行人住所地或者被執行的財產所在地人民法院執行。
Any other legal documents to be enforced by a People's Court as stipulated by laws shall be enforced by a People's Court at the location of the enforcee's residence or the location of the enforced property.
第二百二十五條 當事人、利害關系人認為執行行為違反法律規定的，可以向負責執行的人民法院提出書面異議。當事人、利害關系人提出書面異議的，人民法院應當自收到書面異議之日起十五日內審查，理由成立的，裁定撤銷或者改正；理由不成立的，裁定駁回。當事人、利害關系人對裁定不服的，可以自裁定送達之日起十日內向上一級人民法院申請複議。
Article 225 Any party or interested party may submit a written objection to the people's court responsible for executing a judgment if he or she considers execution of the judgment to be contrary to the provisions of the law. Where a litigant or a stakeholder submits a written objection, the People's Court shall conduct examination within 15 days from the date of receipt of the written objection, where the reason is valid, the People's Court shall rule on revocation or correction; where the reason is not valid, the People's Court shall rule that the application be thrown out. Where the party or interested party concerned disagrees with the ruling, it may apply to the people's court at the next higher level for reconsideration within 10 days from the date when it receives the ruling.
第二百二十六條 人民法院自收到申請執行書之日起超過六個月未執行的，申請執行人可以向上一級人民法院申請執行。上一級人民法院經審查，可以責令原人民法院在一定期限內執行，也可以決定由本院執行或者指令其他人民法院執行。
Article 226 Where a People's Court does not carry out enforcement within six months from the date of receipt of an application for enforcement, the applicant for enforcement may apply to a higher-level People's Court for enforcement. Upon examination, the higher-level People's Court may order the original People's Court to carry out enforcement within a stipulated period, or may decide to carry out enforcement by the higher-level People's Court or any other People's Court.
第二百二十七條 執行過程中，案外人對執行標的提出書面異議的，人民法院應當自收到書面異議之日起十五日內審查，理由成立的，裁定中止對該標的的執行；理由不成立的，裁定駁回。案外人、當事人對裁定不服，認為原判決、裁定錯誤的，依照審判監督程序辦理；與原判決、裁定無關的，可以自裁定送達之日起十五日內向人民法院提起訴訟。
Article 227 Where, in the course of executing a judgment, a person who is not a party to the case raises a written objection to the execution of the judgment against certain property, the people's court shall examine the objection within 15 days of receiving it. Where the objection is tenable, the court shall rule that execution be suspended; where the objection is untenable, the court shall rule that it be rejected. Where the non-party to the case or the litigant disagrees with the ruling or deems that there is an error in the original judgment or ruling, the matter shall be dealt with pursuant to the procedures for trial supervision; where the objection is unrelated to the original judgment or ruling, a lawsuit may be filed with a People's Court within 15 days from the date of service of the ruling.
第二百二十八條 執行工作由執行員進行。
Article 228 Execution shall be carried out by the execution officer.
采取強制執行措施時，執行員應當出示證件。執行完畢後，應當將執行情況制作筆錄，由在場的有關人員簽名或者蓋章。
When carrying out a compulsory execution measure, the execution officer shall produce his credentials. After execution is completed, a record shall be made of its particulars, which shall be signed or sealed by the persons present.
人民法院根據需要可以設立執行機構。
A People's Court may establish an enforcement agency based on the needs.
第二百二十九條 被執行人或者被執行的財產在外地的，可以委托當地人民法院代為執行。受委托人民法院收到委托函件後，必須在十五日內開始執行，不得拒絕。執行完畢後，應當將執行結果及時函複委托人民法院；在三十日內如果還未執行完畢，也應當將執行情況函告委托人民法院。
Article 229 If a person or property subjected to execution is in another locality, the people's court in that locality may be entrusted with the carrying out of the execution. The entrusted people's court shall begin the execution within 15 days after receiving a letter of entrustment and shall not refuse to do so. Upon completion of enforcement, the entrusting People's Court shall be promptly notified of the enforcement outcome in writing; where the enforcement is not completed within 30 days, the entrusting People's Court shall also be notified of the status of enforcement in writing.
受委托人民法院自收到委托函件之日起十五日內不執行的，委托人民法院可以請求受委托人民法院的上級人民法院指令受委托人民法院執行。
If the entrusted people's court does not carry out the execution within 15 days after receiving the letter of entrustment, the entrusting people's court may request the people's court at a higher level over the entrusted people's court to instruct the entrusted people's court to carry out the execution.
第二百三十條 在執行中，雙方當事人自行和解達成協議的，執行員應當將協議內容記入筆錄，由雙方當事人簽名或者蓋章。
Article 230 If in the course of execution the two parties become reconciled and reach a settlement agreement on their own initiative, the execution officer shall make a record of the contents of the agreement, and both parties shall affix their signatures or seals to the record.
申請執行人因受欺詐、脅迫與被執行人達成和解協議，或者當事人不履行和解協議的，人民法院可以根據當事人的申請，恢複對原生效法律文書的執行。
Where the applicant for enforcement is deceived or coerced into entering into a settlement agreement with the enforcee, or the litigants do not perform the settlement agreement, the People's Court may, pursuant to the application of a litigant, resume enforcement of the original legal document which has taken effect.
第二百三十一條 在執行中，被執行人向人民法院提供擔保，並經申請執行人同意的，人民法院可以決定暫緩執行及暫緩執行的期限。被執行人逾期仍不履行的，人民法院有權執行被執行人的擔保財產或者擔保人的財產。
Article 231 In the course of execution, if the person subjected to execution provides a guaranty, the people's court may, with the consent of the person who has applied for execution, decide on the suspension of the execution and the time limit for such suspension. Where the enforcee does not perform within the stipulated period, the People's Court shall have the right to enforce the enforcee's secured property or the guarantor's property.
第二百三十二條 作為被執行人的公民死亡的，以其遺產償還債務。作為被執行人的法人或者其他組織終止的，由其權利義務承受人履行義務。
Article 232 When a citizen subject to execution dies, his debts shall be repaid from his estate. When a legal person or another organization subject to execution is terminated, the person that succeeds to its rights and obligations shall perform the obligation.
第二百三十三條 執行完畢後，據以執行的判決、裁定和其他法律文書確有錯誤，被人民法院撤銷的，對已被執行的財產，人民法院應當作出裁定，責令取得財產的人返還；拒不返還的，強制執行。
Article 233 After the completion of execution, if definite error is found in the executed judgment, written order or other legal documents resulting in the annulment of such judgment, order or legal documents by the people's court, the said court shall, with respect to the property which has been executed, make a written order that persons who have obtained the property shall return it. In the event of refusal to return such property, compulsory execution shall be carried out.
第二百三十四條 人民法院制作的調解書的執行，適用本編的規定。
Article 234 The provisions of this Part shall be applicable to the execution of the conciliation statement as drawn up by the people's court.
第二百三十五條 人民檢察院有權對民事執行活動實行法律監督。
Article 235 People's procuratorates shall have the right to implement legal supervision for civil enforcement.
第二十章 執行的申請和移送
Chapter 20 Application for and Referral of Execution
第二百三十六條 發生法律效力的民事判決、裁定，當事人必須履行。一方拒絕履行的，對方當事人可以向人民法院申請執行，也可以由審判員移送執行員執行。
Article 236 The parties concerned must comply with legally effective judgments or written orders in civil cases. If a party refuses to do so, the other party may apply to the people's court for execution, or the judge may refer the matter to the execution officer for execution.
調解書和其他應當由人民法院執行的法律文書，當事人必須履行。一方拒絕履行的，對方當事人可以向人民法院申請執行。
The parties concerned must comply with the conciliation statement and other legal documents that are to be executed by the people's court. If a party refuses to do so, the other party may apply to the people's court for execution.
第二百三十七條 對依法設立的仲裁機構的裁決，一方當事人不履行的，對方當事人可以向有管轄權的人民法院申請執行。受申請的人民法院應當執行。
Article 237 If a party fails to comply with an award of an arbitral organ established according to the law, the other party may apply for execution to the people's court which has jurisdiction over the case. The people's court applied to shall enforce the award.
被申請人提出證據證明仲裁裁決有下列情形之一的，經人民法院組成合議庭審查核實，裁定不予執行：
A people's court shall, after examination and verification by its collegiate bench, rule not to enforce an arbitral award if the respondent in enforcement procedure provides evidence proving that the arbitral award involves one of the following circumstances:
（一）當事人在合同中沒有訂有仲裁條款或者事後沒有達成書面仲裁協議的；
1. the parties have neither included an arbitration clause in their contract nor subsequently reached a written arbitration agreement;
（二）裁決的事項不屬於仲裁協議的範圍或者仲裁機構無權仲裁的；
2. matters decided in the award exceed the scope of the arbitration agreement or are beyond the arbitral authority of the arbitration institution;
（三）仲裁庭的組成或者仲裁的程序違反法定程序的；
(III) The composition of the arbitration tribunal or the arbitration proceedings violate the legal proceedings;
（四）裁決所根據的證據是偽造的；
(IV) the evidence on which the award is based is forged;
（五）對方當事人向仲裁機構隱瞞了足以影響公正裁決的證據的；
(V) the other party to the case conceals important evidence, which is substantial enough to affect the impartial ruling by the arbitration institution; or
（六）仲裁員在仲裁該案時有貪汙受賄，徇私舞弊，枉法裁決行為的。
(VI) The arbitrators have committed embezzlement, accepted bribes or done malpractice for personal benefits or perverted the law in the arbitration of the case.
人民法院認定執行該裁決違背社會公共利益的，裁定不予執行。
If the people's court determines that the execution of the said award would be contrary to the social and public interest, it shall rule to deny execution.
裁定書應當送達雙方當事人和仲裁機構。
A ruling letter shall be served on both parties to the lawsuit and the arbitration organisation.
仲裁裁決被人民法院裁定不予執行的，當事人可以根據雙方達成的書面仲裁協議重新申請仲裁，也可以向人民法院起訴。
If the execution of an arbitral award is disallowed by a written order of a people's court, the parties may, in accordance with a written arbitration agreement reached between them, apply for arbitration again; they may also bring an action in a people's court.
第二百三十八條 對公證機關依法賦予強制執行效力的債權文書，一方當事人不履行的，對方當事人可以向有管轄權的人民法院申請執行，受申請的人民法院應當執行。
Article 238 If a party fails to comply with a document evidencing the creditor's rights made enforceable according to the law by a notary office, the other party may apply to the people's court which has jurisdiction over the case for execution. The people's court applied to shall enforce such document.
公證債權文書確有錯誤的，人民法院裁定不予執行，並將裁定書送達雙方當事人和公證機關。
If the people's court finds definite error in the document of creditor's rights, it shall make an order not to allow the execution and serve the order on both parties concerned as well as the notary office.
第二百三十九條 申請執行的期間為二年。申請執行時效的中止、中斷，適用法律有關訴訟時效中止、中斷的規定。
Article 239 The time limit applicable to applications to execute a judgment is two years. The provisions of laws on suspension and termination of limitation of actions shall apply to suspension and termination of limitation period for applications to enforce a judgment.
前款規定的期間，從法律文書規定履行期間的最後一日起計算；法律文書規定分期履行的，從規定的每次履行期間的最後一日起計算；法律文書未規定履行期間的，從法律文書生效之日起計算。
The period stipulated in the preceding paragraph shall commence from the last day of the performance period stipulated in the legal document; where the legal document stipulates performance in phases, the period shall commence from the last day of each stipulated performance period; where the legal document does not stipulate the performance period, the period shall commence from the effective date of the legal document.
第二百四十條 執行員接到申請執行書或者移交執行書，應當向被執行人發出執行通知，並可以立即采取強制執行措施。
Article 240 Upon receipt of an application for enforcement or a notice of handover of enforcement, the enforcement officer shall issue a notice of enforcement to the enforcee, and may forthwith adopt mandatory enforcement measures.
第二十一章 執行措施
Chapter 21 Enforcement Measures
第二百四十一條 被執行人未按執行通知履行法律文書確定的義務，應當報告當前以及收到執行通知之日前一年的財產情況。被執行人拒絕報告或者虛假報告的，人民法院可以根據情節輕重對被執行人或者其法定代理人、有關單位的主要負責人或者直接責任人員予以罰款、拘留。
Article 241 Where an enforcee has not performed the obligations determined in the legal document pursuant to the notice of enforcement, the enforcee shall report the current status of properties and the status of properties in the year preceding the date of receipt of the notice of enforcement. Where the enforcee refuses to report or makes a false report, the People's Court may impose a fine or detention on the enforcee or its legal representative or the key person-in-charge or directly accountable personnel of the relevant organisation based on the extent of the circumstances.
第二百四十二條 被執行人未按執行通知履行法律文書確定的義務，人民法院有權向有關單位查詢被執行人的存款、債券、股票、基金份額等財產情況。人民法院有權根據不同情形扣押、凍結、劃撥、變價被執行人的財產。人民法院查詢、扣押、凍結、劃撥、變價的財產不得超出被執行人應當履行義務的範圍。
Article 242 Where an enforcee does not perform the obligations determined in the legal document pursuant to the notice of enforcement, the People's Court shall have the right to enquire about the enforcee's properties such as deposits, debentures, shares, unit trusts, etc from the relevant organisations. A People's Court shall have the right to seize, freeze, transfer or sell the enforcee's properties based on the circumstances. The properties enquired, seized, frozen, appropriated or sold by the People's Court shall not exceed the scope of performance of obligations by the enforcee.
人民法院決定扣押、凍結、劃撥、變價財產，應當作出裁定，並發出協助執行通知書，有關單位必須辦理。
Where the People's Court decides on seizure, freezing, appropriation or sale of properties, the People's Court shall make a ruling and issue a Notice on Assistance for Enforcement, the relevant organisations shall act accordingly.
第二百四十三條 被執行人未按執行通知履行法律文書確定的義務，人民法院有權扣留、提取被執行人應當履行義務部分的收入。但應當保留被執行人及其所扶養家屬的生活必需費用。
Article 243 If the person subjected to execution fails to fulfil according to the execution notice the obligations specified in the legal document, the people's court shall be empowered to withhold or withdraw part of the income of the person subjected to execution, for the fulfilment of his obligations. However, it shall leave out the necessary living expenses for the enforcee and his dependent family members.
人民法院扣留、提取收入時，應當作出裁定，並發出協助執行通知書，被執行人所在單位、銀行、信用合作社和其他有儲蓄業務的單位必須辦理。
The people's court shall, when withholding or withdrawing the income, make a written order and issue a notice for assistance in execution. The unit in which the person subjected to execution works, banks, credit cooperatives or other units that deal with savings deposit must comply with the notice.
第二百四十四條 被執行人未按執行通知履行法律文書確定的義務，人民法院有權查封、扣押、凍結、拍賣、變賣被執行人應當履行義務部分的財產。但應當保留被執行人及其所扶養家屬的生活必需品。
Article 244 If the person subjected to execution fails to fulfil according to the execution notice the obligations specified in the legal document, the people's court shall be empowered to seal up, distrain, freeze, sell by public auction, or sell off part of the property of the person subjected to execution for the fulfilment of his obligations. However, it shall leave out the necessities for the life of the person subjected to execution and his dependant family members.
采取前款措施，人民法院應當作出裁定。
The people's court shall make an order for the adoption of the measures specified in the preceding paragraph.
第二百四十五條 人民法院查封、扣押財產時，被執行人是公民的，應當通知被執行人或者他的成年家屬到場；被執行人是法人或者其他組織的，應當通知其法定代表人或者主要負責人到場。拒不到場的，不影響執行。被執行人是公民的，其工作單位或者財產所在地的基層組織應當派人參加。
Article 245 When the people's court seals up or distrains a property, it shall, if the person subjected to execution is a citizen, notify him or an adult member of his family to appear on the scene; if the party subjected to execution is a legal person or any other organization, it shall notify its legal representatives or its principal heads to be present. Their refusal to appear on the scene shall not hinder the execution. If the person subjected to execution is a citizen, his unit or the grass-roots organization of the place where his property is located shall send a representative to attend the execution.
對被查封、扣押的財產，執行員必須造具清單，由在場人簽名或者蓋章後，交被執行人一份。被執行人是公民的，也可以交他的成年家屬一份。
An enforcement officer shall prepare a list of the seized and confiscated properties, the persons onsite shall sign or affix seal thereon, and a copy shall be given to the enforcee. Where the enforcee is a citizen, a copy may be given to his adult family member.
第二百四十六條 被查封的財產，執行員可以指定被執行人負責保管。因被執行人的過錯造成的損失，由被執行人承擔。
Article 246 An execution officer may designate the person subject to execution to take custody of the sealed-up property. The person subject to execution shall bear any losses incurred due to his fault.
第二百四十七條 財產被查封、扣押後，執行員應當責令被執行人在指定期間履行法律文書確定的義務。被執行人逾期不履行的，人民法院應當拍賣被查封、扣押的財產；不適於拍賣或者當事人雙方同意不進行拍賣的，人民法院可以委托有關單位變賣或者自行變賣。國家禁止自由買賣的物品，交有關單位按照國家規定的價格收購。
Article 247 After a property has been sealed up or distrained, the execution officer shall instruct the person subjected to execution to fulfil, within the prescribed period, the obligations specified in the legal document. Where the enforcee does not perform the obligations within the stipulated period, the People's Court shall auction off the seized or confiscated properties; where the properties are not suitable for auction or both parties concerned agree not to carry out auction, the People's Court may entrust the relevant organisations to sell the properties or the People's Court may arrange to sell the properties. Goods that the State has prohibited to be traded freely shall be delivered to the relevant units for purchase at the price fixed by the State.
第二百四十八條 被執行人不履行法律文書確定的義務，並隱匿財產的，人民法院有權發出搜查令，對被執行人及其住所或者財產隱匿地進行搜查。
Article 248 If the person subjected to execution fails to fulfil his obligations specified in the legal document and conceals his property, the people's court shall be empowered to issue a search warrant and search him and his domicile or the place where the property was concealed.
采取前款措施，由院長簽發搜查令。
In adopting the measure mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the president of the people's court shall sign and issue the search warrant.
第二百四十九條 法律文書指定交付的財物或者票證，由執行員傳喚雙方當事人當面交付，或者由執行員轉交，並由被交付人簽收。
Article 249 With respect to the property or negotiable instruments specified for delivery in the legal document, the execution officer shall summon both parties concerned and deliver them in their presence or the execution officer may forward them to the recipient, who shall sign and give a receipt.
有關單位持有該項財物或者票證的，應當根據人民法院的協助執行通知書轉交，並由被交付人簽收。
If the relevant work unit is holding such property or negotiable instrument, it shall deliver the item in accordance with the notice requesting assistance with execution issued by the people's court and the person taking delivery shall sign for receipt.
有關公民持有該項財物或者票證的，人民法院通知其交出。拒不交出的，強制執行。
If any citizen concerned is in possession of the property or negotiable instruments, the people's court shall notify him to hand them over. If he refuses to do so, compulsory execution shall be carried out.
第二百五十條 強制遷出房屋或者強制退出土地，由院長簽發公告，責令被執行人在指定期間履行。被執行人逾期不履行的，由執行員強制執行。
Article 250 Compulsory eviction from a building or a plot of land shall require a public notice signed and issued by the president of a people's court, instructing the person subjected to execution to comply within a specified period of time. If the person subjected to execution fails to do so upon the expiration of the period, compulsory execution shall be carried out by the execution officer.
強制執行時，被執行人是公民的，應當通知被執行人或者他的成年家屬到場；被執行人是法人或者其他組織的，應當通知其法定代表人或者主要負責人到場。拒不到場的，不影響執行。被執行人是公民的，其工作單位或者房屋、土地所在地的基層組織應當派人參加。執行員應當將強制執行情況記入筆錄，由在場人簽名或者蓋章。
When compulsory execution is being carried out, if the person subjected to execution is a citizen, the person or an adult member of his family shall be notified to be present; if the party subjected to execution is a legal person or any other organization, its legal representatives or principal heads shall be notified to be present. Their refusal to appear on the scene shall not hinder the execution. If the person subjected to execution is a citizen, his unit or the grass-roots organization in the locality of the building or the plot of land shall send a representative for attendance. The enforcement officer shall record the status of mandatory enforcement in writing, the persons onsite shall sign or affix seal thereon.
強制遷出房屋被搬出的財物，由人民法院派人運至指定處所，交給被執行人。被執行人是公民的，也可以交給他的成年家屬。因拒絕接收而造成的損失，由被執行人承擔。
The people's court shall assign personnel to transport the property removed in a compulsory eviction from a building to a designated location and hand it over to the person subjected to execution. An enforcee who is a citizen may also be handed over to an adult family member. The person subject to execution shall bear any losses arising from the refusal to accept the property.
第二百五十一條 在執行中，需要辦理有關財產權證照轉移手續的，人民法院可以向有關單位發出協助執行通知書，有關單位必須辦理。
Article 251 In the course of execution, if certain formalities for the transfer of certificates of property right need to be gone through, the people's court may issue a notice for assistance in execution to the relevant units, and they must comply with it.
第二百五十二條 對判決、裁定和其他法律文書指定的行為，被執行人未按執行通知履行的，人民法院可以強制執行或者委托有關單位或者其他人完成，費用由被執行人承擔。
Article 252 If a person subject to execution fails to perform the act specified in a judgment, ruling or other legal document in accordance with the notice of execution, the people's court may compel performance or entrust a relevant work unit or other person with such performance, at the expense of the person subject to execution.
第二百五十三條 被執行人未按判決、裁定和其他法律文書指定的期間履行給付金錢義務的，應當加倍支付遲延履行期間的債務利息。被執行人未按判決、裁定和其他法律文書指定的期間履行其他義務的，應當支付遲延履行金。
Article 253 If the person subjected to execution fails to fulfil his obligations with respect to pecuniary payment within the period specified by a judgment or written order or any other legal document, he shall pay double interest on the debt for the belated payment. If the person subjected to execution fails to fulfil his other obligations within the period specified in the judgment or written order or any other legal document, he shall pay a charge for the dilatory fulfilment.
第二百五十四條 人民法院采取本法第二百四十二條、第二百四十三條、第二百四十四條規定的執行措施後，被執行人仍不能償還債務的，應當繼續履行義務。債權人發現被執行人有其他財產的，可以隨時請求人民法院執行。
Article 254 After the adoption of the execution measures stipulated in Articles 242, 243 and 244 of this Law, if the person subjected to execution is still unable to repay the debts, he shall continue to fulfil his obligations. If the creditor finds that the person subjected to execution has any other property, he may at any time apply to the people's court for execution.
第二百五十五條 被執行人不履行法律文書確定的義務的，人民法院可以對其采取或者通知有關單位協助采取限制出境，在征信系統記錄、通過媒體公布不履行義務信息以及法律規定的其他措施。
Article 255 Where an enforcee does not perform the obligations determined in the legal document, the People's Court may adopt or notify the relevant organisation to assist in adoption of measures such as imposition of departure restriction, announcement of information on non-performance of obligations through the credit system records or the media and other measures stipulated by the laws.
第二十二章 執行中止和終結
Chapter 22 Suspension and Termination of Execution
第二百五十六條 有下列情形之一的，人民法院應當裁定中止執行：
Article 256 The people's court shall rule that an enforcement process be suspended under any of the following circumstances:
（一）申請人表示可以延期執行的；
1. the applicant indicates that the execution may be postponed;
（二）案外人對執行標的提出確有理由的異議的；
2. a person who is not a party to the case raises an objection on reasonable grounds with respect to the object of the execution;
（三）作為一方當事人的公民死亡，需要等待繼承人繼承權利或者承擔義務的；
(III) a citizen as one of the parties dies and it is necessary to wait for his successor to succeed to his rights or to assume his obligations;
（四）作為一方當事人的法人或者其他組織終止，尚未確定權利義務承受人的；
(IV) the legal person or other organization acting as one of the parties has terminated, and the successor to its rights and obligations has not been determined yet; or
（五）人民法院認為應當中止執行的其他情形。
(V) other circumstances occur under which the people's court deems the suspension of execution necessary.
中止的情形消失後，恢複執行。
Execution resumed when the circumstances of the suspension disappeared.
第二百五十七條 有下列情形之一的，人民法院裁定終結執行：
Article 257 The people's court shall rule to terminate execution under any of the following circumstances:
（一）申請人撤銷申請的；
1. the applicant revokes the application;
（二）據以執行的法律文書被撤銷的；
2. the legal document on which the execution is based is revoked;
（三）作為被執行人的公民死亡，無遺產可供執行，又無義務承擔人的；
(III) the citizen subjected to execution dies and there is no estate that may be subjected to execution, nor anyone to succeed to his obligations;
（四）追索贍養費、扶養費、撫育費案件的權利人死亡的；
(IV) the person entitled to claim costs of support, maintenance or upbringing dies;
（五）作為被執行人的公民因生活困難無力償還借款，無收入來源，又喪失勞動能力的；
(V) the citizen subjected to execution is too badly off to repay his debts, has no source of income and has lost his ability to work as well;
（六）人民法院認為應當終結執行的其他情形。
(VI) other circumstances occur under which the people's court deems the termination of execution necessary.
第二百五十八條 中止和終結執行的裁定，送達當事人後立即生效。
Article 258 A ruling of suspension or termination of execution shall become effective immediately after it has been served on the parties.
第四編 涉外民事訴訟程序的特別規定
Part Four Special Provisions for Civil Actions Involving Foreign Parties
第二十三章 一般原則
Chapter 23 General Principles
第二百五十九條 在中華人民共和國領域內進行涉外民事訴訟，適用本編規定。本編沒有規定的，適用本法其他有關規定。
Article 259 The provisions of this Book shall apply to foreign-related civil lawsuits carried out in the People's Republic of China. Where it is not covered by the provisions of this Part, other relevant provisions of this Law shall apply.
第二百六十條 中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約同本法有不同規定的，適用該國際條約的規定，但中華人民共和國聲明保留的條款除外。
Article 260 If an international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China contains provisions that differ from provisions of this Law, the provisions of the international treaty shall apply, except those on which China has made reservations.
第二百六十一條 對享有外交特權與豁免的外國人、外國組織或者國際組織提起的民事訴訟，應當依照中華人民共和國有關法律和中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約的規定辦理。
Article 261 Civil actions instituted against foreigners, foreign organizations or international organizations that enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities shall be handled in accordance with the relevant laws of the People's Republic of China and the relevant international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China.
第二百六十二條 人民法院審理涉外民事案件，應當使用中華人民共和國通用的語言、文字。當事人要求提供翻譯的，可以提供，費用由當事人承擔。
Article 262 The people's court shall conduct trials of civil cases involving foreign element in the spoken and written language commonly used in the People's Republic of China. At the request of a party, translation may be provided at the expense of such party.
第二百六十三條 外國人、無國籍人、外國企業和組織在人民法院起訴、應訴，需要委托律師代理訴訟的，必須委托中華人民共和國的律師。
Article 263 When foreign nationals, stateless persons or foreign enterprises and organizations need lawyers as agents ad litem to bring an action or enter appearance on their behalf in the people's court, they must appoint lawyers of the People's Republic of China.
第二百六十四條 在中華人民共和國領域內沒有住所的外國人、無國籍人、外國企業和組織委托中華人民共和國律師或者其他人代理訴訟，從中華人民共和國領域外寄交或者托交的授權委托書，應當經所在國公證機關證明，並經中華人民共和國駐該國使領館認證，或者履行中華人民共和國與該所在國訂立的有關條約中規定的證明手續後，才具有效力。
Article 264 Any power of attorney mailed or forwarded by other means from outside the territory of the People's Republic of China by a foreign national, stateless person or a foreign enterprise and organization that has no domicile in the People's Republic of China for the appointment of a lawyer or any other person of the People's Republic of China as an agent ad litem must be notarized by a notary organ in the country of domicile and authenticated by the Chinese embassy or consulate accredited to that country or, for the purpose of verification, must go through the formalities stipulated in the relevant bilateral treaties between China and that country before it becomes effective.
第二十四章 管 轄
Chapter 24 Jurisdiction
第二百六十五條 因合同糾紛或者其他財產權益糾紛，對在中華人民共和國領域內沒有住所的被告提起的訴訟，如果合同在中華人民共和國領域內簽訂或者履行，或者訴訟標的物在中華人民共和國領域內，或者被告在中華人民共和國領域內有可供扣押的財產，或者被告在中華人民共和國領域內設有代表機構，可以由合同簽訂地、合同履行地、訴訟標的物所在地、可供扣押財產所在地、侵權行為地或者代表機構住所地人民法院管轄。
Article 265 In the case of an action concerning a contract dispute or other disputes over property rights and interests, brought against a defendant who has no domicile within the territory of the People's Republic of China, if the contract is signed or performed within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or if the object of the action is located within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or if the defendant has distrainable property within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or if the defendant has its representative office within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the people's court of the place where the contract is signed or performed, or where the object of the action is, or where the defendant's distrainable property is located, or where the torts are done, or where the defendant's representative office is located, shall have jurisdiction.
第二百六十六條 因在中華人民共和國履行中外合資經營企業合同、中外合作經營企業合同、中外合作勘探開發自然資源合同發生糾紛提起的訴訟，由中華人民共和國人民法院管轄。
Article 266 Actions brought on disputes arising from the performance of contracts for Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, or Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures, or Chinese-foreign cooperative exploration and development of the natural resources in the People's Republic of China shall fall under the jurisdiction of the people's courts of the People's Republic of China.
第二十五章 送達、期間
Chapter 25 Delivery and Period
第二百六十七條 人民法院對在中華人民共和國領域內沒有住所的當事人送達訴訟文書，可以采用下列方式：
Article 267 A people's court may serve litigation documents on a party who has no domicile within the territory of the People's Republic of China in the following ways:
（一）依照受送達人所在國與中華人民共和國締結或者共同參加的國際條約中規定的方式送達；
1. in the way specified in the international treaties concluded or acceded to by both the People's Republic of China and the country where the recipient is located;
（二）通過外交途徑送達；
2. service through diplomatic channels;
（三）對具有中華人民共和國國籍的受送達人，可以委托中華人民共和國駐受送達人所在國的使領館代為送達；
(III) with respect to the person on whom the service is to be made and who is of the nationality of the People's Republic of China, service may be entrusted to the embassy or consulate of the People's Republic of China accredited to the country where the person resides;
（四）向受送達人委托的有權代其接受送達的訴訟代理人送達；
(IV) by making the service on the agent ad litem who is authorized to receive the documents served;
（五）向受送達人在中華人民共和國領域內設立的代表機構或者有權接受送達的分支機構、業務代辦人送達；
(V) by serving the documents on the representative office or the branch or business agent established in the People's Republic of China by the person on whom the service is to be made; or
（六）受送達人所在國的法律允許郵寄送達的，可以郵寄送達，自郵寄之日起滿三個月，送達回證沒有退回，但根據各種情況足以認定已經送達的，期間屆滿之日視為送達；
(VI) Service shall be made by post if it is permitted by the law of the State of the person to be served. If the acknowledgment of service is not returned within three months after the date of posting, and various circumstances justify the assumption that the document has been served, the document shall be deemed to have been served on the date of expiry of the time limit;
（七）采用傳真、電子郵件等能夠確認受送達人收悉的方式送達；
(VII) by a method which can confirm the receipt by the addressee, such as fax or e-mail; or
（八）不能用上述方式送達的，公告送達，自公告之日起滿三個月，即視為送達。
(VIII) Where it is impossible to serve via the aforesaid methods, the documents shall be served via announcement, and shall be deemed served upon expiry of a three-month period from the date of announcement.
第二百六十八條 被告在中華人民共和國領域內沒有住所的，人民法院應當將起訴狀副本送達被告，並通知被告在收到起訴狀副本後三十日內提出答辯狀。被告申請延期的，是否準許，由人民法院決定。
Article 268 If a defendant has no domicile within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the people's court shall serve a copy of the statement of claim on the defendant and notify him to submit his defence within 30 days after he receives the copy of the statement of claim. Extension of the period requested by the defendant shall be at the discretion of the people's court.
第二百六十九條 在中華人民共和國領域內沒有住所的當事人，不服第一審人民法院判決、裁定的，有權在判決書、裁定書送達之日起三十日內提起上訴。被上訴人在收到上訴狀副本後，應當在三十日內提出答辯狀。當事人不能在法定期間提起上訴或者提出答辯狀，申請延期的，是否準許，由人民法院決定。
Article 269 If a party who has no domicile within the territory of the People's Republic of China is not satisfied with a judgment or written order made by a people's court of first instance, he shall have the right to file an appeal within 30 days from the date the written judgment or order is served. The appellee shall submit his defence within 30 days after receipt of a copy of the appeal petition. If a party who is unable to file an appeal or submit a defence within the period prescribed by the law requests an extension of the period, the people's court shall decide whether to grant it.
第二百七十條 人民法院審理涉外民事案件的期間，不受本法第一百四十九條、第一百七十六條規定的限制。
Article 270 The period for the trials of civil cases involving foreign element by the people's court shall not be restricted by the provisions of Articles 149 and 176 of this Law.
第二十六章 仲 裁
Chapter 26 Arbitration
第二百七十一條 涉外經濟貿易、運輸和海事中發生的糾紛，當事人在合同中訂有仲裁條款或者事後達成書面仲裁協議，提交中華人民共和國涉外仲裁機構或者其他仲裁機構仲裁的，當事人不得向人民法院起訴。
Article 271 In the case of a dispute arising from the foreign economic, trade, transport or maritime activities of China, if the parties have had an arbitration clause in the contract concerned or have subsequently reached a written arbitration agreement stipulating the submission of the dispute for arbitration to an arbitral organ in the People's Republic of China handling cases involving foreign element, or to any other arbitral body, they may not bring an action in a people's court.
當事人在合同中沒有訂有仲裁條款或者事後沒有達成書面仲裁協議的，可以向人民法院起訴。
If the parties have not had an arbitration clause in the contract concerned or have not subsequently reached a written arbitration agreement, they may bring an action in a people's court.
第二百七十二條 當事人申請采取保全的，中華人民共和國的涉外仲裁機構應當將當事人的申請，提交被申請人住所地或者財產所在地的中級人民法院裁定。
Article 272 If a party applies for preservation, the arbitration institution of the People's Republic of China for foreign-related disputes shall submit the application to the intermediate people's court of the place where the domicile of the person against whom the application is made is located or where the property is located.
第二百七十三條 經中華人民共和國涉外仲裁機構裁決的，當事人不得向人民法院起訴。一方當事人不履行仲裁裁決的，對方當事人可以向被申請人住所地或者財產所在地的中級人民法院申請執行。
Article 273 In a case in which an award has been made by an arbitral organ of the People's Republic of China handling cases involving foreign element, the parties may not bring an action in a people's court. Where a party concerned does not perform the arbitral award, the counterparty may apply to an intermediate People's Court at the location of the respondent's residence or the location of the properties for enforcement.
第二百七十四條 對中華人民共和國涉外仲裁機構作出的裁決，被申請人提出證據證明仲裁裁決有下列情形之一的，經人民法院組成合議庭審查核實，裁定不予執行：
Article 274 If the person against whom the application is made presents evidence that proves that the arbitral award made by an arbitration institution of the People's Republic of China for foreign-related disputes involves any of the following circumstances, the people's court shall, after examination and verification by a collegiate bench formed by the people's court, rule to deny execution of the award:
（一）當事人在合同中沒有訂有仲裁條款或者事後沒有達成書面仲裁協議的；
1. the parties have neither included an arbitration clause in their contract nor subsequently reached a written arbitration agreement;
（二）被申請人沒有得到指定仲裁員或者進行仲裁程序的通知，或者由於其他不屬於被申請人負責的原因未能陳述意見的；
(II) The respondent is not duly notified to appoint the arbitrator or to proceed with the arbitration, or the respondent fails to state its opinions due to reasons for which it is not responsible;
（三）仲裁庭的組成或者仲裁的程序與仲裁規則不符的；
(III) The composition of the arbitration tribunal or the arbitration proceedings are not in conformity with the rules of arbitration; or
（四）裁決的事項不屬於仲裁協議的範圍或者仲裁機構無權仲裁的。
(IV) matters decided in the award exceed the scope of the arbitration agreement or are beyond the arbitral authority of the arbitration institution.
人民法院認定執行該裁決違背社會公共利益的，裁定不予執行。
If the people's court determines that the execution of the said award would be contrary to the social and public interest, it shall rule to deny execution.
第二百七十五條 仲裁裁決被人民法院裁定不予執行的，當事人可以根據雙方達成的書面仲裁協議重新申請仲裁，也可以向人民法院起訴。
Article 275 If a people's court rules to deny execution of an arbitral award, a party may, in accordance with a written arbitration agreement between the two parties, re-apply to the arbitration institution for arbitration, or institute an action in a people's court.
第二十七章 司法協助
Chapter 27: Judicial Assistance
第二百七十六條 根據中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約，或者按照互惠原則，人民法院和外國法院可以相互請求，代為送達文書、調查取證以及進行其他訴訟行為。
Article 276 In accordance with the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China or with the principle of reciprocity, the people's courts of China and foreign courts may make mutual requests for assistance in the service of legal documents, in investigation and collection of evidence or in other litigation actions.
外國法院請求協助的事項有損於中華人民共和國的主權、安全或者社會公共利益的，人民法院不予執行。
The people's court shall not render the assistance requested by a foreign court, if it impairs the sovereignty, security or social and public interest of the People's Republic of China.
第二百七十七條 請求和提供司法協助，應當依照中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約所規定的途徑進行；沒有條約關系的，通過外交途徑進行。
Article 277 The request for the providing of judicial assistance shall be effected through channels provided in the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China; in the absence of such treaties, they shall be effected through diplomatic channels.
外國駐中華人民共和國的使領館可以向該國公民送達文書和調查取證，但不得違反中華人民共和國的法律，並不得采取強制措施。
A foreign embassy or consulate accredited to the People's Republic of China may serve documents on its citizens and make investigations and collect evidence among them, provided that the laws of the People's Republic of China are not violated and no compulsory measures are taken.
除前款規定的情況外，未經中華人民共和國主管機關準許，任何外國機關或者個人不得在中華人民共和國領域內送達文書、調查取證。
Except for the circumstances stipulated in the preceding paragraph, no foreign agency or individual shall carry out service of documents, investigation and collection of evidence in the People's Republic of China without the consent of the relevant authorities of the People's Republic of China.
第二百七十八條 外國法院請求人民法院提供司法協助的請求書及其所附文件，應當附有中文譯本或者國際條約規定的其他文字文本。
Article 278 The letter of request for judicial assistance and its annexes sent by a foreign court to a people's court shall be appended with a Chinese translation or a text in any other language or languages specified in the relevant international treaties.
人民法院請求外國法院提供司法協助的請求書及其所附文件，應當附有該國文字譯本或者國際條約規定的其他文字文本。
The letter of request for judicial assistance and its annexes sent to a foreign court by a people's court shall be appended with a translation in the language of that country or a text in any other language or languages specified in the relevant international treaties.
第二百七十九條 人民法院提供司法協助，依照中華人民共和國法律規定的程序進行。外國法院請求采用特殊方式的，也可以按照其請求的特殊方式進行，但請求采用的特殊方式不得違反中華人民共和國法律。
Article 279 The judicial assistance provided by a people's court shall be rendered in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the law of the People's Republic of China. If a special method is requested by a foreign court, judicial assistance may also be provided using the special method requested, provided that such special method shall not violate the law of the People's Republic of China.
第二百八十條 人民法院作出的發生法律效力的判決、裁定，如果被執行人或者其財產不在中華人民共和國領域內，當事人請求執行的，可以由當事人直接向有管轄權的外國法院申請承認和執行，也可以由人民法院依照中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約的規定，或者按照互惠原則，請求外國法院承認和執行。
Article 280 If a party applies for execution of a legally effective judgment or written order made by a people's court and the opposite party or his property is not within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the applicant may directly apply for recognition and execution to the foreign court which has jurisdiction. The people's court may also, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the international treaties concluded or acceded to by China, or with the principle of reciprocity, request recognition and execution by the foreign court.
中華人民共和國涉外仲裁機構作出的發生法律效力的仲裁裁決，當事人請求執行的，如果被執行人或者其財產不在中華人民共和國領域內，應當由當事人直接向有管轄權的外國法院申請承認和執行。
If a party applies for enforcement of a legally effective arbitral award made by an arbitral organ in the People's Republic of China handling cases involving foreign element and the opposite party or his property is not within the territory of the People's Republic of China, he may directly apply for recognition and enforcement of the award to the foreign court which has jurisdiction.
第二百八十一條 外國法院作出的發生法律效力的判決、裁定，需要中華人民共和國人民法院承認和執行的，可以由當事人直接向中華人民共和國有管轄權的中級人民法院申請承認和執行，也可以由外國法院依照該國與中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約的規定，或者按照互惠原則，請求人民法院承認和執行。
Article 281 If a legally effective judgment or written order made by a foreign court requires recognition and enforcement by a people's court of the People's Republic of China, the party concerned may directly apply for recognition and enforcement to the intermediate people's court of the People's Republic of China which has jurisdiction. The foreign court may also, in accordance with the provisions of the international treaties concluded or acceded to by that foreign country and the People's Republic of China or with the principle of reciprocity, request recognition and enforcement by a people's court.
第二百八十二條 人民法院對申請或者請求承認和執行的外國法院作出的發生法律效力的判決、裁定，依照中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約，或者按照互惠原則進行審查後，認為不違反中華人民共和國法律的基本原則或者國家主權、安全、社會公共利益的，裁定承認其效力，需要執行的，發出執行令，依照本法的有關規定執行。違反中華人民共和國法律的基本原則或者國家主權、安全、社會公共利益的，不予承認和執行。
Article 282 In the case of an application or request for recognition and enforcement of a legally effective judgment or written order of a foreign court, the people's court shall, after examining it in accordance with the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China or with the principle of reciprocity and arriving at the conclusion that it does not contradict the basic principles of the law of the People's Republic of China nor violates State sovereignty, security and the public interest of the country, recognize the validity of the judgment or written order. If execution is necessary, the people's court shall issue an order of execution, which shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Law. If such judgment or ruling contradicts the basic principles of the law of the People's Republic of China or violates State sovereignty, security or the public interest, recognition and enforcement shall not be granted.
第二百八十三條 國外仲裁機構的裁決，需要中華人民共和國人民法院承認和執行的，應當由當事人直接向被執行人住所地或者其財產所在地的中級人民法院申請，人民法院應當依照中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約，或者按照互惠原則辦理。
Article 283 If an award made by a foreign arbitral organ requires the recognition and enforcement by a people's court of the People's Republic of China, the party concerned shall directly apply to the intermediate people's court of the place where the party subjected to enforcement has his domicile or where his property is located. The people's court shall deal with the matter in accordance with the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China or with the principle of reciprocity.
第二百八十四條 本法自公布之日起施行，《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法（試行）》同時廢止。
Article 284 This Law shall be effective from the date of promulgation. The Civil Procedural Law of the People's Republic of China (Trial Implementation) shall be repealed simultaneously.
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